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Chapter 8 Section 1
A World in Crisis
Main Idea
• Rivalries among European nations led to the
outbreak of World War I
Reading Focus
• What were the causes of WWI?
• How did the war break out?
• Why did the war quickly reach a stalemate?
Europe: Late 1800s to 1914
Imperialism and Nationalism
IMPERIALISM
NATIONALISM
Quest to build empires
Increased among European countries
Germany
Led to unification of countries
Austria-Hungary
Led to power struggles
France
Balkans region unstable
Great Britain
Serbia desires expansion
Austria opposed this
Serbia wanted to expand
borders and unite people
 Austria-Hungary
annexes Bosnia
which sparks
tension with Serbia
00
• NationalismGrowth of
Nationalism in the
Balkan Region 1800s different
ethnic groups
fought for
independence
from Ottoman
Empire (Serbia
main group)
tension
Causes of the War- Imperialism
Germany Kaiser
wanted more
resources to support
military build-up
Imperialism- European
competition for
colonization
By late 1800s , many nations had
overseas colonies including Pacific
region and Africa
Causes of WarEuropean Leaders
believed
international disputes
would be settled on
battlefield
Militarism- Policy of
military preparedness
and build up of
weapons
Nations built larger
armies and weapons
(especially Germany )
Causes of WarEuropean Leaders
formed alliances in
which they promised
to provide aid if
attacked
Alliances- Policy of
building partnerships
Italy joins AustriaHungary and
Germany
GB joins France and
Russia
Europe on the Brink of War
MILITARISM
 European nations
engaged in massive
military buildup
ALLIANCES
 European countries
form partnerships
to protect
themselves
European Tensions
Rising caused by
IMPERIALISM
 Rival empires seek to
keep power- political
and economic control
over other countries
Where is the
“A” in MANIA
NATIONALISM
 People feel loyalty
and devotion to
their country or
culture
War Erupts
June 28, 1914
Here is the “A”
in MANIA
 Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo
 Serbian Terrorist Gavrilo Princip kills both Ferdinand and spouse
(Duchess Sophie)
ASSASSINATION!!!
 Austria-Hungary blames Serbian Government for murder and
declares war
 Prior alliance between Russia and Serbia results in
Russia defending Serbia
 Because of alliances, Germany declares war
on Russia and France
Schlieffen Plan
Created by General Count
Alfred von Schlieffen in
December 1905. The
Schlieffen Plan was the
operational plan for a
designated attack on France
once Russia, in response to
international tension, had
started to mobilize her
forces near the German
border. The execution of the
Schlieffen Plan led to Britain
declaring war on Germany
on August 4th, 1914.
War Breaks Out
• August 4th 1914- Germany crosses into Belgium enroute to
France
Draws Great Britain into war
• Schlieffen Plan proves successful at first (Belgium troops no
match)
• French Troops marched to meet approaching German Army but
utilized old tactics - Germans forced British and French troops
back to the Marne River
• France launched final counterattack near Marne River and was
able to push Germans back 40 miles and save Paris from
occupation
Ottoman Empire
• August 2, 1914- Germany wants to increase its allies
and created a treaty with Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Empire believed a treaty with Germany could booster the
decline of their empire
• Late August 1914- (2) German Warships (Goeben and Breslau) docked in
Constantinople hiding from Britain
> Ottomans purchased ships (crew remained)
• October 27, 1914- Ships (now sailing under Ottoman Flag)
entered Black Sea and fired upon Russian Seaports / Merchant ships
• Russia attacks Ottomans from East and France / GB attack from West
Europe: Late 1800s to 1914
Triple Alliances
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire (late 1914)
Bulgaria
Triple Entente
Great Britain
France
Russia
Allied Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
Italy Joins Allies
• Early 1915- Italy tries to negotiate with
Austria-Hungary about entering war
• Italy wanted territory under Austrian control
(DENIED)
• April 26- Italy negotiates with GB and France
about entering war on their side…..Secret
agreement entered called “The London Pact”
• The Pact allowed Italy to make claims in
Territories in Austria-Hungary, Albania,
Turkey, and North Africa
• May 23, 1915- Italy joins war on side of Allies
and declares war on Austria-Hungary
War Reaches a Stalemate
• First Battle of
Marne ended in a
standoff
• French and
German troops dug
trenches to seek
protection
• By late 1914- two
massive system of
trenches stretched
400 miles across
Western Europe
Fighting in the Trenches
• Trench Warfare not a new tactic but had been used in other battles but not to
the scale as the European campaign
• Life in trench: dead bodies, lice, rats, diseases, poison gas, stench smell, deadly
flu outbreak
• Typical British Soldier’s life in the trenches:





15% front line
10% support line
30% reserve line
20% rest
25% Other (hospital, travelling, leave, training, etc)
Typical battalion would be called upon to engage in fighting a handful of times a
year
New Type of Weapons
Trench Warfare caused a “stalemate” which prompted both
sides to search new ways to defeat the enemy
Machine Guns
Tanks
Poison gas
Mortars
Flamethrowers
Wire
Helmets
Aircraft
Mining
The First Battle of Marne
September 5-12, 1914
 Location- Marne River near Paris, France
 Allied Casualties- 263,000 (French and
British)
 German Casualties- 256K
Germany was closing in on Paris so the
French and British made to push back
German advance. Allies were able to push
back Germans 40 miles, but paid a terrible
price in casualties
Significance of Battle- Allowed time for
Russian Army to mobilize and required
Germans to pull forces to Eastern front
The Battle of Somme
July 1- Nov 18, 1916
 Location- Northeastern France
 Allied Casualties- 630K
 British Casualties on Day 1- 57K
 German Casualties- 650K
Allied powers made a daring attempt to
attack and push the Germans back (fighting
near the Somme River)
The next morning (July 2nd) we gunners surveyed the
dreadful scene in front of us......it became clear that the
Germans always had a commanding view of No Man's Land.
(The British) attack had been brutally repulsed. Hundreds of
dead were strung out like wreckage washed up to a high
water-mark. Quite as many died on the enemy wire as on the
ground, like fish caught in the net. They hung there in
grotesque postures. Some looked as if they were praying;
they had died on their knees and the wire had prevented
their fall. Machine gun fire had done its terrible work.
George Coppard, machine gunner at the Battle of the Somme
1914- Initial sequence of events
“Let the games begin”
Britain declares war on Germany
Germany sends troops into a neutral
country of Belgium
Germany declares war on Russia
Russia mobilizes military to defend Serbia
(Balkans and Germany Borders)
Austria declares war on Serbia
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
1914
Europe on the Brink of War
M
?
A
?
European Tensions
Rising caused by
I
?
N
?
Where is the
“A” in MANIA