Download Chapter 16

Bell Ringer- Monday
Chapter 16
War and Revolution:
1914-1919
World
War I
System of
Alliances
Growth of
nationalism
Internal
dissent
Militarism
Nationalism and the System of
Alliances
 Liberals
during the first half of the 1800s
hoped that the formation of European
nation-states would lead to peace.
 The imperialist states that emerged during
the second half of the 1800s became
highly competitive over trade and
colonies.
 Two main alliances divided Europe: The
Triple Alliance (1882) and the Triple
Entente (1907).
 Early
1900s crises erupted, particularly in
the Balkans, created a great deal of anger
and tension between nations of alliances.
 Each
nation was willing to go to war to
preserve its own power.
 European
ethnic groups, such as Slavs in
the Balkans and the Irish in the British
Empire, dreamed of creating their own
national states, also increased tensions
Internal Dissent
 Another
source of strife in Europe was
dissent within nations.
 As Socialist labor movements became
more powerful, they used strikes to
achieve their goals, which led to unrest.
 Conservative national leaders feared that
revolutions would break out.
 Some historians believe that these leaders
may have been willing to go to war in
order to suppress internal dissent.
Bell Ringer- Tuesday

What are some reasons the European
countries may have gone to war? Hint:Use
your chart.
Militarism
 After
1900 there was a huge increase in
the size of European armies, which
increased tensions among nations.
 Between 1890 and 1914 European armies
doubled in size.
 The numbers of soldiers in European
armies were: Russia 1.3 million, France
and Germany 900K each, and Britain,
Italy, and Austria-Hungary 250K each.
 Prior
to 1914, European countries
aggressively prepared for war. This
militarism led to the increased power of
military leaders, who created complex war
plans.
 Because powerful military leaders did not
want to alter their war plans, they greatly
limited the choices of political leaders in
time of international crises.
The Outbreak of War: Summer
1914
 All
four causes of WWI led to outbreak of
war directly from events in the Balkans in
1914.
 States in southeastern Europe had long
struggled for independence from the
Ottoman Empire.
 Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for
control of these new states.
Thursday- Bell ringer

What murder was one factor that led to the
first World War? Who was involved in the
murder and what country was blamed?
Short Essay

Students will write an essay about all of
the causes of the First World War. Also
include details about these causes. This
includes the assassination of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand. This will be two
paragraphs long, 4-5 sentences each.
 In
1914, Serbia wanted to form a large
Slavic state in the Balkans. Serbia was
supported by Russia and opposed by
Austria-Hungary.
 Many Europeans were afraid that this
conflict in the Balkans would lead to war.
 In June of 1914, Archduke Francis
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife
were killed by the Serbian terrorist Gavrilo
Princip in the city of Sarajevo. He was
part of the terrorist group known as the
Black Hand.
 The
Siberian terrorist wanted Bosnia to
become independent from AustriaHungary.
 The Austro-Hungarian government
wanted to declare war on Serbia but
worried that Russia would help Serbia.
 Austrian
leaders asked Germany for help.
Emperor William II agreed.
 In
July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia.
 Russia responded by supporting Serbia.
Czar Nicholas II ordered mobilization of
the Russian army.
 AH and Germany considered the
mobilization an act of war.
 Germany warned Russia to halt the
mobilization, and the Russians refused.
Bell ringer- Monday- Write
Questions

1. What terrorist group killed Archduke
Francis Ferdinand?

2. The sinking of this ship caused the
United States to join the war.
Propaganda
Ideas used to influence public opinion for
or against a cause.
 This was used quite a bit leading up to
involvement in the war.
 There can be many different ways and
reasons for this.
 We will create our own propaganda poster
after we take a look at a few.

Trenches on Russian front.
Example of conditions around
trenches.
Men fighting in trenches.
Men with gas masks.
Trench design.
No Man’s Land.
No Man’s Land
 Germany
declared war on Russia on
August 1.
 Because France and Russia were allies,
Germany had planned its strategy against
Russia and France.
 Great
Britain which was allied with Russia
and France declared war on Germany
when they came into Belgium.
 On
the Eastern Front, the war was far
more mobile.
 The Russian army moved into eastern
Germany but was defeated at the Battle of
Tannenberg and the Battle of Masurian
Lakes.
 This ensured Russia was no longer a
threat to invade Germany.
 The Russians did defeat Austria-Hungary
and dislodged them from Serbia.
Tuesday- Bell ringer
1. What is
President Wilson
doing in the cartoon
above?
2. What is the
reason for his
actions in the
cartoon above?


Wednesday- Bell ringer
It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people
into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all
wars…But the right is more precious than peace, and
we shall fight for things which we have always carried
nearest to our hearts --- for democracy; for the right of
those who submit to authority to have a voice in their
own Governments; for the rights and liberties of small
nations; for universal dominion of right by such a
concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and
safety to all nations and make the world itself at last
free.- Woodrow Wilson, speech asking Congress to
declare war on Germany (April 2, 1917)
1. What are two reasons that Wilson says we must go
to war against Germany?
Bell ringer- Tuesday
 The
Italians, who had been allied with
Germany and Austria-Hungary, broke their
alliance in 1915.
 The Italians attacked Austria-Hungary
making Germany to come to their aid.
 Together Germany and AH defeated the
Russians in several battles and drove
them back.
 About 2.5 million Russians had been
killed, captured, or wounded putting the
Russians almost out of the war.
In order to keep supplies from reaching their
enemies, each country enforced a naval
blockade of the other.
 German submarines sank both military and
civilian ships, including passenger ships.
Sinking every ship was unrestricted submarine
warfare.
 In 1915, the Germans sank the British ship
Lusitania, killing 1,100 civilians, including some
Americans.
 This caused strong protests from the American
government.

 Though
large numbers of American troops
did not arrive until 1918, the Allies were
given a powerful psychological boost as
well as money and supplies.
 WWI became a total war that required a
complete mobilization of people and
resources. This included soldiers and
civilians alike.
 As the war dragged on, governments had
to increase their powers in order to obtain
the manpower and supplies they needed.
Bell ringer- Wednesday
 Women
assumed new roles during WWI,
taking over jobs previously held only by
men.
 These changes were seen generally as
temporary, lasting only while men were
away fighting the war.
 One positive result of women’s role in the
war was that in Germany, Austria, and the
US they were given the right to vote not
long after the war ended.
Section 4
War was winding down in 1917.
 Both sides were getting war weary.
 In March 1918, Germany launched one last
ditch offensive, but was defeated at the Second
Battle of the Marne thanks to 2 million American
troops.
 On November 9, Emperor William II left the
country.
 Germany signed an armistice with the Allies
that ended the war.

In January 1919, representatives of the Allied
nations met in Paris to make a final settlement
of the war.
 President Woodrow Wilson outlined his
“Fourteen Points.”

 Open
treaty negotiations
 Reducing military strength
 Ensuring self-determination
 New world order based on democracy.
 Suggested creating an association of nations.

Paris Peace Conference was complicated.
 Britain
wanted Germany to pay for the war.
 France wanted to insure national security.
 Secret treaties made before the war.


Germany and Russia were not included in the peace
talks.
The Treaty of Versailles was the final peace
settlement of WWI.
 Germany
was guilty of starting the war.
 Germany had to pay reparations for all damages.
 Germany had to reduce its military forces.
 Germany had to return Alsace and Lorraine to France.
 Also a demilitarized zone between Germany and France.