Download World War I Notes - Garden City Public Schools

Garden City High School
Global History & Geography ill
Mr. M. Stratis, Esq.
Lesson:- The fJauses of World War One
Aim: What were the generaland immediate causesof "thewar to end all wars? "
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II
1.
***Graph: The Stairway to W.W.!. - M.A.NoLA. + Assassination
II.
What were the generalcauses ofthe war?
A.
MILITARISM
1.
Definedas the extensiveuse of military force and technology to achieve
politicalends
2.
Included drafting and the trainingof large army conscripts; the
development of new technology; and the mass productionof arms
(e.g. famous Krupp family industry in Germany)
3.
Germanyhad a strong military tradition dating its Prussian past
4.
Britain maintained excellent navy to protect imperialist interests
worldwide
5.
Bad blood betweenFrance and Germanyled to creation of heavily
defendedfortifications alongthe Maginot Line (France)and the
Siegfried Line (Germany)
B.
ANARCHY
1.
Referred to secret terrorist organizations working towardspolitical and
socialdestabilization
2.
Famous examples: the "Black Hand" in Bosnia and Marxist groups
3.
The absence ofan intemationallegal body to resolve conflictsonly
aggravatedexplosivesituations
4.
Anarchists often collaborated with nationalist movements (e.g. Bosnia)
c.
NATIONALISM
1.
Involves intensepatriotismand the resurgence ofhistoricalclaims to
territories
2.
Examplesof nationalistagendas are:
a.
Serb claims to Bosnia-Herzegovina which were based on the
overwhelmingmajority ofSerbs (Christians and Moslems)under
Austro-Hungarian occupation
b.
France wanted to reclaimAlsace-Lorrainefrom Germany
1
c.
d.
e.
D.
Germany wantedto expand into Russianterritory
Subject-nationalities in Austro-Hungarian Empire(Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Poles and Serbs)and OttomanEmpires
(Greeks, Arabs, Armenians and Kurds) wantedindependence
Monarchs (kaiser, tsar, emperor, sultan , kings) wantedfame and
gloryfor their people
IMPERIALISM
1.
In the Balkans, Austria-Hungary and the OttomanEmpire competed with
the Russian Empireandher Slavicallies
2.
In Africa, Germany, Italy, France and Britain competedforterritories
3.
In the Far East, Japan,Russia and Germany competedfor resources
E . . ALLIANCES
TripleAlliance (CENTRALPOWERS)
L
Germany (KaiserWilhelmIT)
b.
Austro-Hungarian Empire (EmperorFranz Joseph II)
c.
Italy (KingUmberto)
.
TripleEntente (ENTENTE POWERS)
a.
Russia (TsarNicholas IT)
b.
Great Britain (KingGeorge V)
c.
France
Central Powerswere laterjoined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
EntentePowerswere laterjoined by Serbia, Belgium, Italy (left
Central Powers in 1915), Japan, Netherlands, Greece and the United
States
Russialeft the EntentePowers following the 1917 BolshevikRevolution
a.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II.
What was the immediate cause ofthe war?
A.
B.
C.
ASSASSINATION***
Where was the assassination?
1.
In Sarajevo, the provincial capitalofBosnia-Herzegovina
2.
Sarajevo was mainly Serb populated (Christians and Moslems)
3.
UnderAustro-Hungarian rule since CongressofBerlin, 1878
4.
Became a center of anarchistgroups ("Black Hand") and nationalists
seeking union with Serbia
Who was assassinated?
1.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Emperor Franz-Joseph's sole heir
2
F-
2.
"~
D.
ID.
Emperor Franz Joseph had no living children: Crown Prince Rudolf had
committed suicide at Mayerling
3.
Franz Ferdinand was married to Archduchess Amalie (also killed)
4.
Franz Ferdinand became the hated symbol ofAustrian repression
Who killed Franz Ferdinand?
1.
Gavrilo Princip, young Bosnian Serb anarchist/nationalist
2.
Princip was a member of the "Black Hand"
3.
He was accompanied by two other conspirators who had failed to kill the
target along the processional route
4.
He was captured by Austrian police and died in prison (age 26)
What were the immediate reactions to the assassination?
A
Austro-Hungarian Reaction:
1.
Referred matter to Germany and obtained promise ofunconditional
support from the kaiser ( diplomatic blank check")
2.
Presented an intentionally harsh ultillUltum to Serbia with 3 conditions
a.
Demanded an end to all anti-Austrian Serb propaganda
b.
Demanded dismissal of all anti-Austrian Serb officials
c.
Demanded an investigation ofthe assassination by Austrian
authorities in Serbia
3.
Serbia rejected ultimatum (as Austrians and Germans expected) and
Austria-Hungary declared war
Russian Reaction: '
1.
As the leading Slavic power, "Mother Russia" supported Serbia
2.
Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary
3.
Russia mobilized forces to German border(to keep Germans in check)
German Reaction:
1.
Declared war against Serbia and then against Russia
2.
In a surprise move, Germany moved armies to French borders
3.
Germans unexpectedly invaded neutral Belgium
4.
Germans followed up invasion ofBelgium with its armies swinging
around and attacking France (completely avoiding the Maginot Line)
a
Key action in the famous Schlieffen Plan
<I
B. '
C.
D.
E.
French Reaction:
1.
Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary
2.
Called on Great Britain for support
British Reaction:
1.
Gave Germany an ultimatum: withdraw from Belgium
Germans rejected British ultimatum
2.
3.
Great Britain declared war against Germany and Austria-Hungary
3
F.
)
IV.
Italian Reaction
1.
Italy remained visibly inactive towards conflict
2.
Italians were not happy about alliance with Austria
What other political developments followed the initial reactions ofthe major alliances?
A.
Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia and Entente Powers and joined Central
Powers
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
J
J
Bulgaria declared war on Serbia and joined Central Powers
Japan declared war on Germany and joined Entente Powers in order to gain the
German islands in Pacific Ocean (the Caroline and Mariana Islands)
Italy left Central Powers and joined the Entente in 1915
Netherlands declared war on Germany and joined Entente Powers
Greece remained neutral because ofdivided government (pro-German king versus
pro-British prime minister)
Russia pulled out ofwar following Communist takeover in 1917
United States originally issued Proclamation of Neutrality and stayed out of
the war until:
The sinking ofthe "Lusitania" - British cruise liner sunk by German
1.
submarines offthe coast ofIreland
a
Many American citizens were drowned
b.
Germans claimed vessel was on a spying mission
2.
The-Zimmermann Note
a
German Foreign Minister Zimmermann attempted to lure
Mexico into war against the United States
b.
Plot was discovered by American secret service
Pres. Woodrow Wilson expelled the German ambassador to the U.S. and
3.
called on Congress to declare war (1917)
4
)
Mr. M. Stratis, Esq.
Garden City High School
Global History & Geography ill
Lesson:
The Theatres of War and the Treaty of Versailles
Aim: What events led to the conclusion of the First World War?
I.
What were the major theatres of the war during the years 1915-181
A.
B.
)
C.
The Eastern Front (Major Players: Germany, Austria-Hungary & Russia)
1.
The Russians were heavily defeated by German forces throughout most of
the war (e.g. The Battle of Tannenburg)
2.
Russians pulled out of the war following the Revolution (Dec. 1917)
3.
Communist Russia [USSR]signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
and gave up most of its Eastern European territories
4.
Germans, Austrians and Bulgarians occupied Rumania (1916)
The MediterraneaulNear Eastern Fronts (Major .Players: Ottoman Empire,
Bulgaria, Great Britain, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece & the Arabs)
1.
Italian forces campaigned against Austrians (1915-17) and broke through in
June 1918 (Battle ofCaporetto)
2.
Austrians, Germans and Bulgarians attacked and occupied Northern Serbia
and Montenegro (1915-16)
3.
Anglo-Australian forces invaded Ottoman Empire but were defeated at
the bloody Battle of Gallipoli (1915-16)
4.
Russians occupied Turkish Armenia (Aug. 1916)
5.
British seized Baghdad (March 1917)while the Arabs under British officer
T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") conquered Palestine (Sept. 1918)
4.
Greece, though originally neutral, overthrew pro-German king
a
Constantine I was replaced by his pro-Entente son, Alexander
b.
Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos entered war against the
Central Powers (June 1917) and helped defeat Bulgaria (Sept.
1918) and the Ottoman Empire
The Western Front (Major Players: Germany, Great Britain, France, U.S.)
1.
Trench warfare along the French and German lines ofbattle
2.
Bloodiest battles occurred at Verdun and the Somme (1916)
3.
U.S. entered war in April 1917 and sent troops under Gen. John
Pershing (2 million men)
4.
Entente offensives under French Marshal Ferdinand Foch pushed
German troops back to the SiegfriedLine (Aug-Sept. 1918)
1
II.
When did the Central Powers surrender to the Entente?
A.
B.
C.
D.
m.
Who were the "Big Four" and what were their objectives?
A.
B.
C.
D.
IV.
Bulgariasigned armistice on Sept 30, 1918
Ottoman Empire signed armistice on Oct. 30, 1918
Austria-Hungary signed armistice on Nov. 3, 1918
Germans surrendered and generals Paw von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff
signed armistice on Nov. 11, 1918 (Armistice or Veteran's Day)
Georges Clemenceau: Premier ofFrance
1.
Demanded security from future German invasions (because of past
invasions during Fnmco-Prussian War and World War I)
2.
Demanded that Germany be militarily restricted with specific limits
3.
Demanded that Germany pay reparations and lose territories
David Lloyd George - Prime Minister of Great Britain
1.
Wanted to expand British colonial empire inAfrica and Asia
2.
Demanded that British navy maintain its supremacy
3.
Demanded that Germans pay war damages
Vittorio Orlando - Prime Minister of Italy
1.
Wanted Austrian territories with large Italian population
2.
Wanted to protect its colonial possessions in Africa
Woodrow Wilson - President of the United States
1.
Wilson made fourteen proposals for peace called The Fourteen Points:
2.
Point 1 - All treaties with defeated Central Powers nations be prepared in
the open (no backroom deals)
3.
Point 2 - Preserve freedom ofthe seas for all nations (no limits on travel
and transport)
Point 3 - Proposed removal ofall international trade barriers (free trade)
4.
Point 4 - Wholesale reduction in arms production and sales
5.
6.
Point 5 - Complete resolution of colonial claims on territories
7.
Points 6 to 13 - Adjustment ofEuropean borders based on the principle
of self-determination (nationality)
8.
Point 14 - Creation ofaLeague ofNations (to resolve international
disputes among member-states)
Were The Fourteen Points implemented by the Europeans? ·
A.
B.
Europeans viewed them as being too utopian (idealistic)
Though the last provision on the League ofNations was kept, Entente allies
dictated their own peace terms
2
c.
v.
What are the major provisions ofthe Treaty of Versailles?
A. .
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
VI.
Territorial changes for Germany
1.
Alsace-Lorraine to be restored to France
2.
SmallGermanborderregionsto DenmarkandBelgium.
3.
Territoryof West Prussia to a restoredPoland
4.
The port city of Danzig [Gdansk] made availablefor Polish use
All Germancoloniesin Africa and Asia were abandoned
The Germanarmy was reduced to 100,000 volunteers
The Rhineland province(bordering France) was demilitarized (no army)
The German navy was drastically reduced
Germanswere forced to admit war guilt and pay reparations
What were the treatiesthat affected the other losing nations?
A
B.
C.
D.
E.
VII.
The follow-up Treaty of Versailles (partly inspiredbut not resembling the
FourteenPoints)becamea victim ofconflicting Europeanpolitical and military
agendaswhich, in the long term, increasedthe chanceofanother war
Treaty of San Germain with Austria (1919)
Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria (1919)
Treaty of Trianon with Hungary (1920)
Treaty of Sevres with Ottoman Empire (1920)
Note: Austria and Hungary were separated
What new countrieswere formed or restored after the war?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
Republic of Poland (from Germany and Russia)
Republicof Czechoslovakia (from Austria-Hungary)
Republic ofAustria
Republic of Hungary
Kingdom of Yugoslavia [made up of Serbia,Montenegro, Croatia, Sloveniaand
Bosnia-Herzegovina] (from Austria-Hungary)
Republicof Latvia (from Russia)
Republicof Lithuania (from Russia)
Republic of Estonia (from Russia)
Republicof Finland (from Russia)
Republic of Armenia (from Ottoman Empire)
Kurdistan (from Ottoman Empire)
3