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Chapter 8 Section 1 A World in Crisis Main Idea • Rivalries among European nations led to the outbreak of World War I Reading Focus • What were the causes of WWI? • How did the war break out? • Why did the war quickly reach a stalemate? Europe: Late 1800s to 1914 Imperialism and Nationalism IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM Quest to build empires Increased among European countries Germany Led to unification of countries Austria-Hungary Led to power struggles France Balkans region unstable Great Britain Serbia desires expansion Austria opposed this Serbia wanted to expand borders and unite people Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia which sparks tension with Serbia 00 • NationalismGrowth of Nationalism in the Balkan Region 1800s different ethnic groups fought for independence from Ottoman Empire (Serbia main group) tension Causes of the War- Imperialism Germany Kaiser wanted more resources to support military build-up Imperialism- European competition for colonization By late 1800s , many nations had overseas colonies including Pacific region and Africa Causes of WarEuropean Leaders believed international disputes would be settled on battlefield Militarism- Policy of military preparedness and build up of weapons Nations built larger armies and weapons (especially Germany ) Causes of WarEuropean Leaders formed alliances in which they promised to provide aid if attacked Alliances- Policy of building partnerships Italy joins AustriaHungary and Germany GB joins France and Russia Europe on the Brink of War MILITARISM European nations engaged in massive military buildup ALLIANCES European countries form partnerships to protect themselves European Tensions Rising caused by IMPERIALISM Rival empires seek to keep power- political and economic control over other countries Where is the “A” in MANIA NATIONALISM People feel loyalty and devotion to their country or culture War Erupts June 28, 1914 Here is the “A” in MANIA Austria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo Serbian Terrorist Gavrilo Princip kills both Ferdinand and spouse (Duchess Sophie) ASSASSINATION!!! Austria-Hungary blames Serbian Government for murder and declares war Prior alliance between Russia and Serbia results in Russia defending Serbia Because of alliances, Germany declares war on Russia and France Schlieffen Plan Created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in December 1905. The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilize her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914. War Breaks Out • August 4th 1914- Germany crosses into Belgium enroute to France Draws Great Britain into war • Schlieffen Plan proves successful at first (Belgium troops no match) • French Troops marched to meet approaching German Army but utilized old tactics - Germans forced British and French troops back to the Marne River • France launched final counterattack near Marne River and was able to push Germans back 40 miles and save Paris from occupation Ottoman Empire • August 2, 1914- Germany wants to increase its allies and created a treaty with Ottoman Empire • Ottoman Empire believed a treaty with Germany could booster the decline of their empire • Late August 1914- (2) German Warships (Goeben and Breslau) docked in Constantinople hiding from Britain > Ottomans purchased ships (crew remained) • October 27, 1914- Ships (now sailing under Ottoman Flag) entered Black Sea and fired upon Russian Seaports / Merchant ships • Russia attacks Ottomans from East and France / GB attack from West Europe: Late 1800s to 1914 Triple Alliances Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire (late 1914) Bulgaria Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Serbia Italy Joins Allies • Early 1915- Italy tries to negotiate with Austria-Hungary about entering war • Italy wanted territory under Austrian control (DENIED) • April 26- Italy negotiates with GB and France about entering war on their side…..Secret agreement entered called “The London Pact” • The Pact allowed Italy to make claims in Territories in Austria-Hungary, Albania, Turkey, and North Africa • May 23, 1915- Italy joins war on side of Allies and declares war on Austria-Hungary War Reaches a Stalemate • First Battle of Marne ended in a standoff • French and German troops dug trenches to seek protection • By late 1914- two massive system of trenches stretched 400 miles across Western Europe Fighting in the Trenches • Trench Warfare not a new tactic but had been used in other battles but not to the scale as the European campaign • Life in trench: dead bodies, lice, rats, diseases, poison gas, stench smell, deadly flu outbreak • Typical British Soldier’s life in the trenches: 15% front line 10% support line 30% reserve line 20% rest 25% Other (hospital, travelling, leave, training, etc) Typical battalion would be called upon to engage in fighting a handful of times a year New Type of Weapons Trench Warfare caused a “stalemate” which prompted both sides to search new ways to defeat the enemy Machine Guns Tanks Poison gas Mortars Flamethrowers Wire Helmets Aircraft Mining The First Battle of Marne September 5-12, 1914 Location- Marne River near Paris, France Allied Casualties- 263,000 (French and British) German Casualties- 256K Germany was closing in on Paris so the French and British made to push back German advance. Allies were able to push back Germans 40 miles, but paid a terrible price in casualties Significance of Battle- Allowed time for Russian Army to mobilize and required Germans to pull forces to Eastern front The Battle of Somme July 1- Nov 18, 1916 Location- Northeastern France Allied Casualties- 630K British Casualties on Day 1- 57K German Casualties- 650K Allied powers made a daring attempt to attack and push the Germans back (fighting near the Somme River) The next morning (July 2nd) we gunners surveyed the dreadful scene in front of us......it became clear that the Germans always had a commanding view of No Man's Land. (The British) attack had been brutally repulsed. Hundreds of dead were strung out like wreckage washed up to a high water-mark. Quite as many died on the enemy wire as on the ground, like fish caught in the net. They hung there in grotesque postures. Some looked as if they were praying; they had died on their knees and the wire had prevented their fall. Machine gun fire had done its terrible work. George Coppard, machine gunner at the Battle of the Somme 1914- Initial sequence of events “Let the games begin” Britain declares war on Germany Germany sends troops into a neutral country of Belgium Germany declares war on Russia Russia mobilizes military to defend Serbia (Balkans and Germany Borders) Austria declares war on Serbia Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand 1914 Europe on the Brink of War M ? A ? European Tensions Rising caused by I ? N ? Where is the “A” in MANIA