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“Hello AP…” Please prepare for notes on abnormal behavior Introduction • How should we define psychological disorders? • How should we understand disorders? • How should we classify psychological disorders? Abnormal psychology • The scientific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning What makes a Behavior a Mental Illness? • Many definitions have been proposed, yet none are universally accepted • ¨ Most definitions, however, share some common features… • “The Four D’s” – Deviance – Different, extreme, unusual – Distress – Unpleasant & upsetting – Dysfunction – Causes interference with life – Danger – Poses risk of harm Understanding Psychological Disorders Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces) Medical Perspective Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. Dance in the madhouse. Models of the Causes of Psychological Disorders • Biological model – Physiological or biochemical basis • Psychoanalytic model – Disorders are the result of unconscious conflicts • Cognitive-Behavioral model – Disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving and thinking • Diathesis-Stress model – Biological predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress Medical Approach When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders. 1. 2. 3. 4. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder. Classifying Psychological Disorders • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –DSM-5 • Diagnostic labels • Criticisms of the DSM The DSM spells out the specific diagnostic criteria • An example of this can be seen in the diagnosis of a major depressive episode. • A person must exhibit at least five or more of the listed nine characteristics and the symptoms must be evident for at least the last two weeks for that person to be diagnosed with this disorder. • When diagnosing a client the American Psychological Association recommends that the clinician use a multiaxial Assessment System. Rates of Psychological Disorders Rosenhan’s study • "On being sane in insane places" Diagnostic Labeling •Power of labels –Preconception can stigmatize •Stereotypes of the mentally ill •Insanity Diagnostic Labeling 1. Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals. Elizabeth Eckert, Middletown, NY. From L. Gamwell and N. Tomes, Madness in America, 1995. Cornell University Press. Asylum baseball team (labeling) Diagnostic Labeling 2. Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy. Diagnostic Labeling 3. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. Psychological Disorders Cookbook Project Here are the guidelines: You are working on this individually to create a mental disorders cookbook. You must have at least 8 recipes. Of the 8 total recipes, you should have 2 mood disorders, 2 anxiety disorders, and then 4 others from any category. One recipe per page Each disorder will be connected with a real food (i.e. Schizophrenic spaghetti). Each recipe must include symptoms as ingredients (i.e. 2 lbs. of hallucinations, 1 part delusions of grandeur, etc.) with appropriate 'measurement' amounts. Include directions for how to combine the ingredients to 'make' the recipe . Your front cover must have your “chef name” and your real name must be on the back. Illustrations, drawing, or graphics are required for each recipe. These can be drawn or computer generated, however, the final copy must be professional, readable, and must have all the above requirements.