Download Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2015 ANSWERS

BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE ANSWERS
Classification:
1. state the characteristics that distinguish each kingdom
(prokaryotic/eukaryotic; autotrophic/heterotrophic; unicellular/multicellular; cell wall/no cell wall)
Plant – euk., auto, multi, cell wall (cellulose)
Animal- euk, hetero, multi, NO CELL WALL
Protist- euk, auto and hetero, uni or multi, cell wall
Fungi- euk, hetero, uni or multi, cell wall (chitin)
Eubacteria- PRO, auto or hetero, uni, cell wall ( peptidoglycan)
Archae – PRO, auto or hetero, uni, cell wall (lacks peptidoglycan)
Evolution:
2. describe how DNA, fossils and homologous and vestigial structures can be used as evidence for evolution
-DNA-
changes in genes over time. Comparing DNA of species
-Fossil record shows changes in species and which species existed
-Homologous = similar bone structures indicating common ancestry
Ex. Forelimb bones of alligator, dog and whale
-vestigial structure = small, unused structure that was used by
ancestor Ex. Hindlimb on whale indicates the whales' ancestor
has legs
3.
define the word "gene pool" and explain how it can be affected by species extinction
all genes in a population. Extinction removes genes from gene pool
4.
explain why Darwin is considered the “Father of Evolution”
first to say descent with modification led to speciation
5.
describe the principles to Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection
-more born than survive (over-production of offspring)
-genetic variation in a population
-survival of fittest (best adapted- not necessarily strongest)
-over time population evolves and beneficial trait (adaptation) spreads
6.
use examples to illustrate the process of natural selection
-cheetahs evolved speed
-giraffe evolved long neck
-Darwin's finches – each species has a uniquely shaped beak to fit
it's food source
7.
relate how evolution and genetics are connected to changes in populations
evolution = changes in gene pools over time. Nature selecting for
best traits (adaptations)
8.
know the meaning of the word evolution
changes in a population over time to become better adapted to the
environment
9.
10.
define the word "species"
organisms that can interbreed to produce fully fertile offspring.
Hybrids like the liger (lion + tiger) are sterile (can't reproduce)
11. explain how isolating some members of a population can result in the formation of a new species
geographic isolation – physical separation by land
reproductive isolation – can't successfully interbreed to produce fully
fertile offspring
*both of these allow for differences to accumulate between species
as they diverge
12. describe the relationship between sexual reproduction and genetic variation within a population
2 sets of DNA = more diversity of traits, some traits from each parent
13. In terms of survival, explain three possible ways a mutation could affect an individual and its offspring
benefit, harm, or no affect
Bacteria, Viruses & Disease
14. state the basic structure of a virus and describe how it replicates
-DNA
or RNA inside protein coat (capsid).
-Replication by invading host cell (virus injects DNA into host cell and
host cell produces viruses)
-2 types of viral reproduction: lytic: new viruses burst out of host cell
lysogenic: host cell not destroyed, new viruses not made, often
shows no symptoms
15. state the basic structure of a bacterium and describe how it reproduces
cell wall, DNA, ribosomes, flagella
reproduction via binary fission (splitting in half)
16. describe 2-3 conditions necessary for the growth of most bacteria
warm temp, water, food source, neutral pH
17. distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prok – bacteria, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
euk – you, nucleus, membrane bound organelles
18. know why viruses are not found in any biological kingdom
not living, not made of cells, don't reproduce on own, don't grow
19. state the role of E. coli bacteria in the human intestine
mutualism – E. coli gets food and shelter, human gets Vitamin B
made by E. coli, E. coli helps break down food in human intestines
20. explain at least two reasons why viruses are often more difficult to treat than bacteria
-viruses hide inside cells
-antibiotics don't work on them (no cell wall to target)
21. state 1-2 illnesses caused by viruses
influenza (flu), cold, HIV
22. state 1-2 illnesses caused by bacteria
strep (streptococcus), staph (staphylococcus), TB (tuberculosis),
MRSA (multiple resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
23. describe the components body’s lines of defense
1. skin, mucous membrane
2. phagocytes, inflammatory response, histamine (dilates blood
vessels), antimicrobial proteins
3. T cells – destroy damaged cells (killer, helper and suppressor are
three types)
B cells – make antibodies to flag invaders for destruction (plasma
and memory are 2 types)
24. explain the function of histamine as part of the body's defenses
-chemical which signals dilation of blood vessels causing
inflammation
-causes allergy and cold symptoms: runny nose, sneezing, itchy
nose/throat
25. describe how HIV affects the body, including its classification as a retrovirus and the type of cells that it
attacks
26.
attacks helper T cells impairing the immune system.
Retroviruses mutate rapidly and copy RNA to DNA
Ecology
27. define ecology
study of living things and their environments
28. distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors
biotic – living things (plants and animals)
abiotic – non-living factors (temp, rainfall, pH, etc)
29. describe the ecological levels of organization from most specific to least specific
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
30. briefly describe these terrestrial biomes: desert, tundra, tropical rain forest, taiga, grassland and temperate
deciduous forest
Desert = dry…almost no plants…found in mountain rain shadows
towards continental center
Temperate Grassland (Prairie) = moderate temperatures with variable
rainfall…subject to draughts…tall and short grass…good soil for
farming
Coniferous Forest (Taiga) = moist and cold…full of coniferous trees
(pine, spruce, etc)
Temperate Deciduous Forest = moderate
temperatures…moist…trees shed leaves in fall/winter (oak, maple,
etc)
Tundra = cold…short growing season…found at high mountain
altitudes or high latitudes
Tropical Rain Forest = abundant precipitation…very established
forests with variety of animals and insect species
31. name two invasive (exotic) species in the Great Lakes and explain the most common way they were
introduced
-sea lamprey, zebra mussels, round goby, Eurasian ruffe
-ballast water of ships
-exponential growth of population
32. distinguish between exponential population growth and logistic population growth and recognize
corresponding graph for each
exponential- grows faster and faster
logistic – growth slows and reaches carrying capacity (level
population, no more growth)
33. explain carrying capacity
max # of individuals an area can support over a long time
34. distinguish between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors
density-dependent = depends on population size, large populations =
starvation, disease, lack of space
density-independent = does NOT depend on population size, natural
disasters will happen whether or not the population is too large
35. explain how producers and consumers are responsible for adding biomass to an ecosystem
producers and consumers can produce waste products and
eventually die, contributing to the ecosystem’s biomass
36. explain the sun's role as the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem
plants get energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy
37. explain the role of the following in a food web: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary
consumer, decomposer
producers photosynthesize (convert sun energy to chemical energy)
consumers (primary through tertiary) that eat other organisms
decomposer break down dead organisms
38. predict the impact on the food chain if one trophic level is removed or enhanced
Ex. Flower → bird → fox
If fox population decreases, then bird population increases and flower
population decreases
39. describe each relationship and give an example: commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
commensalism – one benefits, one is not affected Ex. Cattle egret
(bird follows cattle and gets insects turned up in soil by cattle)
mutualism – both benefit Ex. Bird on back of cattle
parasitism – one benefits, one is harmed Ex. Tapeworm
40. explain the structure of a pyramid of energy
producers at the bottom then primary consumer then secondary
consumer then tertiary consumer. Most energy and individuals at the
bottom, least energy and individuals at the top
41. describe how energy is lost between trophic levels
heat due to metabolic processess
42. distinguish between primary and secondary succession (using the terms pioneer species and climax
community)
primary – first time any life colonizes an area
secondary – after a disturbance, succession starts over
pioneer species – first to arrive, usually small plants and weeds
climax species – last to arrive once forest is established (hardwood
trees)
43. explain how biodiversity can help protect a population/species from extinction
greater variety of species leads to stability of ecosystem b/c if one
species is removed it won't devastate the entire ecosystem
44. label and explain the following cycles: carbon, water and nitrogen
45. explain the impact of humans on an ecosystem
-invasive species
-endangered species
-global warming
-habitat loss
46. describe the cause and result of the greenhouse effect
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and nitrous
oxides) trap heat radiating off earth. This warms the planet like a
blanket. The enhanced greenhouse effect is extra warming due to
human's burning fossil fuels and emitting carbon dioxide
47. distinguish between acclimation and adaptation
acclimation – individuals adjusting to the environment in their own
lifetime Ex. Drug addicts need higher and higher doses to get the
same high
adaptation – population changes over long periods of time
Ex. Wolves have claws to catch prey
Giraffes neck (doesn't get longer in own lifetime – take many
generations for this to happen)