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CITY- STATES OF MESOPOTAMIA
Sumerians
- Were one of the first groups to form a civilization.
- Formed city-states that developed their own
government and ruler.
- Earliest governments were controlled by temple
priests.
-Military leaders often became full-time rulers. Power
would be passed down to their sons.
- City-states began to grow and constant trade led
to cultural diffusion.
CITY-STATES OF MESOPOTAMIA
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Life in Sumerian Society
- The emergence of civilization brought about social
classes. (Kings, landholders, and priests made up
the highest level in Sumerian society)
- From 3000 to 2000 B.C. the city-states were almost
always at war with one another.
- This continued until Sargon of Akkad took control
of both northern and southern Mesopotamia and
created the world’s first empire.
CITY-STATES OF MESOPOTAMIA
• Theocracy – a form of government where God is
recognized as the head of state.
• Autocratic – a form of government where all power
is given to one person.
• Hammurabi’s Code – Single uniform code of laws to
unify the empire.
WARRING CITY-STATES
SECTION OPENER
• The growth of city states in Greece lead to the
development of several political systems, including
democracy.
RULE AND ORDER IN GREEK CITYSTATES
• By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is the
formal government.
• A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50-500
square miles.
• Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000.
• Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis—
a fortified hilltop
RULE AND ORDER IN GREEK CITYSTATES
• Greek Political Structures
• City-states have different forms of government.
• Monarchy-rule by a king
• Aristocracy-rule by nobility
• Oligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful merchants and
artisans
RULE AND ORDER IN GREEK CITYSTATES
• Tyrants Seize Power
• Rulers and common people clash in many city-states.
• Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win support of
common people.
• They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary
people.
ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED
DEMOCRACY
• Building Democracy
• About 621 B.C., democracy—rule by the people—develops
in Athens.
• Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality
of citizens.
• Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has citizens
make laws.
• Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens.
ATHENS BUILDS A LIMITED
DEMOCRACY
• Athenian Education
• Schooling only for sons of wealthy families.
• Girls learn from mothers and other female members of the
household.
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
• A Unique City State
• Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military
state.
• Sparta Dominates Messenians
• Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia
• Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the
land.
• Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a
stronger state.
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
• Sparta’s Government and Society
• Sparta government has four branches:
• Assembly – composed of all Spartan citizens
• Council of Elders – Made up of 30 older citizens
• 5 elected officials
• Carried out laws
• Two Kings who ruled
Sparta’s Military Forces
• Three social classes:
• Citizens
• Free non-citizens
• Helots--slaves
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
• Spartan Daily Life
• Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline
over freedom.
• Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece
• Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve
until 60.
• Girls receive some military training and live hard lives
• Girls are also taught to value service to Sparta above
all else
http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/athens/explore/exp_set.html
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DEMOCRACY
AND
CHAPTER 5, SEC
TION 3
GREECE
Democratic principles and classical culture
flourish during Greece’s golden age.
PERICLES’ PLAN FOR ATHENS
• Pericles as Leader
• A wise and able
statesman during Athens
Golden Age
• Also known as The Age of
Pericles
• Dominates life in Athens
from 461 to 429 B.C.
PERICLES’ PLAN FOR ATHENS
• Stronger Democracy
• Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct
democracy
• Direct democracy— citizens rule directly, not through
representatives
PERICLES’ PLAN FOR ATHENS
• Athenian Empire
• Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen
Athenian fleet.
• Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power.
• Glorifying Athens
• Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify
Athens all with money from the Delian League without the
whole league’s consent.
PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• Rise of Great Philosophers
• After Athens was defeated in a war against Sparta, thinkers
emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.”
• Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and
unchanging laws.
• Believed people could understand laws through logic and
reason.
PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• The Sophists
• The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud
of their supposed philosophical knowledge.
• They claimed they could find the answers to all
questions.
• They used rhetoric to win arguments.
• They often charged fees for teaching their skills
and for arguing for others. They might be
considered a type of lawyer of the time.
• Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the
existence of Greek gods.
PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• Socrates
• He believes in questioning and teaches through the
method of questioning.
• He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not
worth living.”
• He is convicted of “corrupting the youth of Athens and
sentenced to death in 399 B.C.
• He dies by drinking hemlock,
a slow acting poison.
PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• Plato
• He is a student of Socrates.
• He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by
Philosopher-Kings
• His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years.
PHILOSOPHERS SEARCH FOR TRUTH
• Aristotle
• He was a student of Plato.
• He uses rules of logic for argument.
• His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used
today.
• He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the
Great
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
CHAPTER 6, SECTION 1
THE ORIGINS OF ROME
• Rome’s Geography
• Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic
location
• Located on Italian Peninsula in the center of the
Mediterranean Sea.
• Built on seven hills along Tiber River
• The First Romans
• Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for control
of the region.
• Latins found original settlement of Rome between
1000 B.C. and 500 B.C.
• Etruscans native to northern Italy influence Roman
civilization
THE EARLY REPUBLIC
• Early Rulers
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Around 600 B.C. Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome.
Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers
Romans overthrow Etruscan kings in 509 B.C.
Romans found a republic—a government in which citizens
elect leaders.
THE EARLY REPUBLIC
• Patricians and Plebeians
• Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic
• Patricians— wealthy landowning class that holds most of
the power
• Plebeians— artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but
cannot rule
• Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights
THE EARLY REPUBLIC
• Twelve Tables
• In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets.
• Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later
Roman law.
• Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of
the law.
• Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners.
• The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum
THE EARLY REPUBLIC
• Government Under the Republic
• Rome elects two consuls—one to lead the army and one to
direct government.
• Senate— chosen from Roman upper class; makes foreign
and domestic policy.
• Democratic assemblies elect tribunes and makes laws for
common people.
• Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis.
THE EARLY REPUBLIC
• The Roman Army
• Roman legion—
military unit of 5,000
infantry, supported
by cavalry.
• Army is powerful and
a key factor in
Rome’s rise to
greatness.
• The Fall of the Roman Republic
THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES
- In 133 B.C. Rome was a democracy. Little more than
100 years later it was governed by an emperor.
- As Rome grew, the gap between the rich and poor
grew.
- Julius Caesar's conquests gained him popularity and
in 44 B.C. he was named dictator for life.
THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES
• - Senators jealous of Caeser’s power plotted against
• him and on March 15, 44 B.C. he was assassinated.
• - In 31 B.C. Caesar’s nephew and adopted son
• Augustus took control.
• -During Augustus’s 40 year rule, his political structure
would become the basis of Roman imperial
government for the next 4 centuries. When he died
the idea of the ‘free republic’ was a distant dream.
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