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Radioactive Reactions • When an atom emits part of its NUCLEUS (protons or neutrons) this is called radiation • This happens because the nucleus is unstable. • When an atom emits protons its identity changes • This can happen naturally (sun) or through man made isotopes in a lab Fission vs Fusion • Fission: atomic nucleus splits into parts (smaller). The particles leave the nucleus causing energy to be released. The atomic bomb and nuclear reactors work by fission • Fusion: atomic nucleus gets larger because particles are coming into the nucleus. In the Sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse to make helium • Both processes release massive amounts of energy CFU: • What causes an atom to lose parts of its nucleus? WB • What is the significance of an atom losing protons from its nucleus? TPS • Name a difference between fission and fusion. WB • Name a similarity between fission and fusion. WB Nuclear force vs. Electrostatic Force • Electromagnetic force: attraction between charges Positive attract to negative Positive repel positive/negative repel negative • Protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by nuclear forces. This is the “glue” that prevents the protons from repelling one another inside the nucleus CST Release Question The most abundant isotope of lead contains 82 protons and 124 neutrons packed closely together in the nucleus. Why do the protons stay together in the nucleus rather than fly apart? A Electrons in neighboring atoms neutralize repulsive forces between protons. B Neutrons effectively block the protons and keep them far apart to prevent repulsion. C Electrostatic forces between neutrons and protons hold the nucleus together. D Nuclear forces overcome repulsive forces between protons in the nucleus CST Release Question A 2-cm-thick piece of cardboard placed over a radiation source would be most effective in protecting against which type of radiation? A alpha B beta C gamma D x-ray CFU • Write one difference between nuclear force and electrostatic force. WB • Write one similarity between nuclear force and electrostatic force. WB Three types of radiation • Alpha: weakest in strength. Cannot penetrate cardboard 42He 0 • Beta: middle in strength - 1β • Gamma: strongest in strength. Cannot penetrate 0 lead 0γ Three Types of Radiation • Alpha: 226 example: 88Ra • Beta: 14 example: 6C • Gamma: example: 92 U 238 222 4 He Rn + 86 2 14 7N + 0 -1β 4He + 2 Th + 90 0 0 234 2 γ Chemical Reaction • All chemical reactions involve the movement of valence electron in which chemical bonds are formed • Atoms want to have a stable outer energy level. • Valence electrons move in a way that stabilizes the atom outer energy level. – Ionic bond: one atom gives the other receives an valence electron – Covalent bond: atoms share valence electrons Nuclear Reactions Atomic BOMB explosion Chemical Reactions Release/absorb heat Gas/bubbles Sun: Fussion Combustion Precipitate Chemical rxn vs. Radioactive rxn • Energy release is much larger in nuclear reactions than in chemical reactions. • Nuclear reactions occur inside the nucleus with the protons and/or neutrons • Chemical reactions occur with the valence electrons ONLY