Download Unit 4: A World Divided and United?

Unit 4: A World Divided and United?
How stable was the post-World War II era?
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Was the post WWII era a period of stability?
Impact of breakdown of USA-USSR alliance
Impact of communist victory in China
Impact of economic recovery, cooperation and
development
• Circumstances leading up to Korean War and its
impact
• Circumstances leading to the Cuban missile
crisis
Cold War?
• A cold war is often referred to as a war that
involves intense competition between two rival
nations who do not confront each other in an all
out war that involves military confrontation.
However, many historians argue that the Cold
War was a specific period in history that involved
the two post-war superpowers, the USSR and
the USA. The Cold War is over and no other
similar events or periods in history could claim
the title. Think about it…
End of war in Europe
• 6 June 1944 – D-Day (Allied landings on
the beaches of Normandy, France)
• August 1944 – Paris freed from Nazi rule
• 30 April – Adolf Hitler commits suicide
• Berlin falls – Soviet forces advance from
the East, Allied forces move in from the
West
• 7 May 1945 – German forces surrender
Yalta Conference
Joseph
Joseph
Stalin
Stalin
Churchill
Churchill
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Yalta Conference
• Once defeated, Germany would be divided
into four zones – American, British,
French, Soviet.
• Berlin, the capital, would also be divided
into four zones.
• The division was supposed to be
temporary.
Division of Germany
BERLIN
Reasons for the Cold War
• Ideological difference
USA had a democratic system of
government while the
Soviet
Union was
communist.
Great differences in the two
political beliefs
Reasons for the Cold War
End of Wartime Alliance
USA and USSR both fought on the side
of the allies in WW2.
This was an alliance that was born not
out of trust, but rather necessity.
Even during the war, both the USSR and
the USA were competing to see who
could reach Berlin first and claim true
victory over Germany.
Reasons for the Cold War
General feeling of mistrust
Although the USSR joined the Allies in December 1941, the
Allies did not open a second front against Germany until
June 1943.
Allies only provided assistance in the form of economic aid
and military supplies.
Stain perceived this as a deliberate US attempt to minimise
its own casualties while allowing Germany and the USSR
to weaken and destroy each other.
Reasons for the Cold War
General feeling of mistrust
The development of the nuclear bomb by the
USA was a highly guarded secret that was
kept from the USSR (Britain was aware of the
bomb).
When the news leaked out to the USSR, this
secret project was perceived as a US attempt
to undermine the USSR.
Reasons for the Cold War
Superpower Competition
At the end of the war, the world order changed such that
the previous colonial powers, devastated by war saw the
decline of their global influence.
The world was now left with two superpowers, the USA and
the USSR.
Naturally, these two powers started competing for power
and influence on the global stage.
The Iron Curtain
‘Iron Curtain Speech’
It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me
to state the facts as I see them to you, to place before
you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind
that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central
and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna,
Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the populations around them lie in
what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in
one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a
very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of
control from Moscow.
- Winston Churchill
Escalation of Cold War
Truman Doctrine
• 12 March, 1947
• Also known as containment policy
• USA’s effort to help democratic countries
counter communism
• A means to force communism to remain
within its borders
• Money, weapons, fuel to help countries
threatened by communism (e.g. Greece,
Turkey)
How did the Cold War affect
Europe?
• Europe was divided
- ‘Iron Curtain’
- USSR set up communist governments in
Eastern European countries
- Soviet Satellite States
- Deployment of Soviet Troops
How did the Cold War affect
Europe?
• Germany was divided
- 1948, Britain, France and the USA joined
their separate zones and created a new
German currency to help the German
economy recover (West Germany)
- East Germany was ruled by a communist
party under Soviet control
Deutsche Mark
•
Official currency of West
Germany and later on, united
Germany
Berlin Blockade
Berlin Blockade
What does this
cartoon tell you about
the Soviet reaction to
the Berlin Airlift?
Berlin Blockade
• Airlift Facts
• The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months).
• In the winter of 1948–49 Berliners lived on dried
potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat. They had
4 hours of electricity a day.
• 275,000 flights carried in 1½ million tons of supplies. A
plane landed every 3 mins.
• On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of
supplies in one day – Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a
day to survive.
• Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets.
• The USA stationed B-29 bombers (which could carry an
atomic bomb) in Britain.
Marshall Plan
• Plan that offered financial help
to Europe
• To help Europe recover from
WWII
• To build a prosperous and
successful Western bloc to
resist communism
• Western Europe recovered and
grew faster than Eastern
Europe
• In response, USSR set up
COMECON (Council for Mutual
Economic Cooperation)
SOURCE A
• This cartoon of 1946
shows Britain and
America trying to get the
'lorry' (representing the
German economy) going,
while the Russian sits
smugly on his motorbike,
having stolen the wheels.
• What do you think is the
message of this
cartoonist?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
The USA formed the
North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation in
1949 to forge a
military alliance with
eleven other
countries with the
aim to defend
Europe from a
Soviet attack.
• HQ: Brussels,
Belgium
• Membership:
28 States
• Website:
http://nato.int/
Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and
Mutual Assistance
(Warsaw Pact)
The USSR responded with
the Warsaw Pact through
which member countries
pledged to defend each
other in the event of an
attack.
NATO v.s. WARSAW PACT
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
• Mao Zedong announced the creation of the
People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949
• China formed communist alliance with the USSR
• USA feared Sino-Soviet alliance
• USA feared that USSR would give China the
technology to build nuclear weapons
• USA saw communism as a single, united enemy
that was determined to control the world
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
• Japan becomes the USA’s main anticommunist ally
• The USA strengthened Japan’s economy
and introduced democratic reforms
• US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty – USA
promised to come to Japan’s defence if
Japan was attacked, USA was allowed to
station troops in Japan
Japan becomes the USA’s main anticommunist ally
How did the Cold War affect the
rest of the world?
• USA searched for other allies in Asia
• Formed alliance with Kuomintang (Taiwan)
• Sent troops to support anti-communist
governments in South Korea and South
Vietnam
• USA competed with the USSR to search
for allies in the Middle East and Africa
• In doing so they often supported cruel and
corrupt regimes
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Source A
Washington got word of the invasion …….. which arrived before the official cable to
the State Department. President Harry Truman and the United Nations, which had
supervised the elections in South Korea, were notified. Trygve Lie, Secretary General
of the U.N., declared, "This is war against the United Nations." President Truman
ordered Five-Star General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. Commander in the Far East,
headquartered in Tokyo, to provide logistical support for the ROKs (Republic of
Korea) while the U.N. called for withdrawal of North Korean troops. When this appeal
was ignored, the U.N. called for its members to ". . . furnish such assistance to the
Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore
international peace and security to the area." Truman ordered U.S. naval and air
forces to assist the ROKs. After a personal reconnaissance revealed the plight of the
ROK troops, General MacArthur advised that only U.S. ground troops could halt the
invasion. These were ordered to Korea on June 30th by the President, his most
difficult decision while in office.
- Adpated from, A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE KOREAN WAR
By Jack D. Walker
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Source B
The North Korean invasion of South Korea on June 25, 1950, in a narrow sense was
only an escalation of a continuing civil war among Koreans that began with Japan’s
defeat in 1945. In a larger sense, the invasion marked the eruption of the Cold War
between the United States and the USSR into open hostilities because each of the
Great Powers backed one of the competing Korean governments. The war that
followed would devastate Korea, lead to a large expansion of the U.S. armed forces
and America’s military presence around the world, and frustrate many on both sides
by ending in an armistice that left the peninsula still divided.
- American Military History, Volume 2
Case Study 1: The Korean War
• 1910 – Japan annexes Korea and makes
it part of the Japanese Empire.
• 1910 – 1945 – Korea was under Japanese
rule.
• Most Koreans resented Japanese rule and
looked forward to an independent Korea.
Case Study 1: The Korean War
• Potsdam Conference – 1945
Western powers agreed to divide
Korea into two occupation zones after
Japan is defeated.
The north would be occupied by the
USSR and the South would be
occupied by the USA.
Case Study 1: The Korean War
• Both the USSR and the USA could not
agree on the form of an independent
Korea.
• By this time, the North had become
increasingly communist and the South was
heavily influenced by the USA.
Case Study 1: The Korean War
• The two Korean leaders, Kim Ill Sung and
Syngman Rhee had their own ideas about
a unified Korea.
• After World War II
Syngman Rhee became a
leader in South Korea
under U.S. occupation. In
1948, Syngman Rhee
was elected the first
president of South Korea,
which he ruled with a
strong hand for twelve
critical years.
• Kim Il Sung was named
prime minister of North
Korea in 1948 and later (in
1972 under a new
constitution) as president of
the nation. Kim Sung II is
known as the “Great Leader”
in North Korea, he isolated
the country from the outside
world during his long term in
office and was the
commanding leader for North
Korea during the Korean
War.
Case Study 1: The Korean War
• August 1949 – USSR successfully
explodes its first Atomic Bomb.
• October 1949 – Mao Zedong declares the
birth of the People’s Republic of China.
• February 1950 – USSR and China form an
alliance.
Timeline
•
25 Jun 50 - North Korean People's Army invades South Korea
•
Sign erected by 1st Cavalry Division at 38th Parallel
showing where the Korean conflict began
•
27 Jun 50 - UN asks member countries to aid Republic of Korea - US announces
intervention. North Korea attacks Seoul airfield.
•
28 Jun 50 - US bombers attack troops in Han River area - North Korean army captures
Seoul
•
4 Aug 50 - Pusan perimeter established in southeastern Korea
•
7 Oct 50 - UN forces cross 38th parallel
•
14 Oct 50 - Chinese Communist troops cross Yalu River into Korea
•
4 Jan 51 - Seoul captured by Chinese
•
25 Jan 51 - UN forces resume offensive
•
1 Mar 51 - UN line reaches between the 37th and 38th Parallels
Timeline
•
18 Mar 51 - UN forces retake Seoul
•
11 Apr 51 - MacArthur recalled - General Matthew Ridgway given command
•
13 Jun 51 - UN forces dig in on the 38th Parallel
•
23 Sep 51 - UN forces take Heartbreak Ridge after 18-day battle
•
27 Nov 51 - Truce talks resume at Panmunjom
•
26 Apr 53 - Full peace talks resume at Panmunjom
•
14 Jun 53 - Communist offensive pushes Republic of Korea troops south
•
18 Jun 53 - South Koreans release 27,000 North Korean POWs, who refuse repatriation
•
25 Jun 53 - "Little Truce Talks" secure Republic of Korea's acceptance of armistice.
Chinese launch massive attacks against South Korean divisions.
•
10 Jul 53 - Communists return to negotiations
•
27 Jul 53 - Cease fire signed - fighting ends 12 hours later
Case Study 1: The Korean War
NORTH
SOUTH
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- Korea (2.5 million Korean deaths, 80% of
factories and transport network damaged,
Korea is still divided, the DMZ is the
world’s most heavily armed area)
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- China (Showed the world that China was a
major military power that could match a
powerful country like the USA, First time
USA and China had fought each other,
China demanded a seat in the United
Nations)
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- USA ( Formed a network of military
alliances e.g NATO, SEATO, ANZUS, built
up the size of its armed forces in the Asia
Pacific, growth of US military might)
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- Japan became a key partner to the US in
Asia. The Korean War helped Japan’s
economy to expand as it became a
production and supply base for the US.
Case Study 1: The Korean War
Impact of the Korean War
- The Korean War brought the cold war to
Asia. It was now no longer just a European
conflict. It was also no longer just a war
between super powers.
Question
Was the Korean war a civil
war or a proxy war?
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
CUBA
CUBA
US – Cuban Relations
• 1960 – USA imposes economic sanctions on Cuba (Jul).
Castro nationalizes all American properties in Cuba
(Aug).
• 1961 (Apr) – Bay of Pigs invasion. The US tries to topple
Castro’s regime Cuban exiles are trained by the CIA and
sent to invade Cuba. The invasion was a failure.
• 1961 (Dec) – Cuba identified itself as communist and
formally aligned with the USSR.
Bay of Pigs
• http://www.history.com/topics/coldwar/bay-of-pigs-invasion/videos/bay-ofpigs-cias-perfect-failure
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
• 15 October 1962 – U2 spy plane took
photographs that showed several Soviet
nuclear missiles in Cuba
• 22 October 1962 – Kennedy orders a
naval and air blockade of Cuba
• Aerial
Photograph
of Missiles in
Cuba (1962)
MRBM
Launch Site
2 San
Cristobal 1
November
1962; United
States
Department
of Defense
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
• 24 October 1962 – Soviet ships with
submarine escorts arrive at the blockade
• 27 October 1962
- U2 spy plane shot down
- Kennedy agrees to make a statement
that US would not invade Cuba
- Secretly, US agrees to remove its
missiles from Turkey
Case Study 2: The Cuban Missile
Crisis
• Impact of the Crisis
- Better US-Soviet relations (Direct Hotline between
Washington and Moscow)
- Led to more stable superpower relations
(Mutually Assured Destruction)
- Cuba remained a communist state
- Khrushchev’s fall from power
- Tense Soviet-China relations
Source A
•
Once all the missiles are in place, we will be able to attack any city in the USA. The
Americans will learn just what it feels like to have enemy missiles pointing at them;
we’d be doing nothing more than giving them a little of their own medicine. The
missiles are meant to frighten, not to be fired.
- Soviet President Khrushchev
- What was Khrushchev’s reason for installing nuclear missiles in Cuba?
-What event / incident do you think Khrushchev was referring
reffering to when he said, what it feels
like to have enemy missiles pointing at them’.
Source A
•
What is the cartoonist
trying to say about the
Cuban Missile Crisis?
Was the End of the Cold War
Inevitable?
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• Leader of USSR from
1988 to 1991
• Played an influential role
in the breakup of the
USSR
Was the End of the Cold War
Inevitable?
John F.
Kennedy
Nikita
Khrushchev
Lyndon B.
Johnson
Leonid
Brezhnev
Richard
Nixon
Gerald
Ford
Yuri Andropov
Jimmy
Carter
Konstantin
Chernenko
Ronald
Reagan
Mikhail
Gorbachev
Superpower relations: 1960s- 1970s
• Initiated Policy of
Détente.
Richard Nixon
(1969 – 1974)
• Instead of focussing on
containemnt and
confrontation, détente
advocated both the
USA’s and USSR’s
right to coexist with
respect for one
another.
Superpower relations: 1960s- 1970s
• Arms control negotiations (SALT 1, AntiBallistic Missile Treaty)
• Soviet Cooperation in ending the Vietnam
war.
• Trade negotiations (USSR agreed to repay
WWII debts to USA, Most favoured nation
status awarded to USSR by USA)
Détente….did it work?
• Tensions between the two superpowers
increased in the 1970s because of the
hardline stance taken by newly-elected
American President Jimmy Carter against
the Soviet Union.
Détente….did it work?
• Tensions between the two superpowers
increased in the 1970s because both
superpowers intervened in the affairs of
other countries to compete for influence.
Angolan Civil
War
Soviet Invasion
of Afghanistan
Why did the Cold War End?
• Long Term Developments:
1. American Economic and Military Might
Why did the Cold War End?
1. American Economic and Military Might
(Arms Race)
Why did the Cold War End?
• Long Term Developments:
2. Declining Confidence in Communist Ideology and failure
of the Soviet Economy
Why did the Cold War End?
• 2. Declining Confidence in Communist Ideology and failure
of the Soviet Economy
Why wasn’t communism working?
Internal Reasons:
- Poor decisions by central government
- Slow decisions by central government
- No quality control
- No incentives to work hard
- Excessive spending on military
- Few consumer goods
Why wasn’t communism working?
Internal Reasons:
- Farms and Factories were not improved
- Inefficient transport and distribution
- Basic needs of the people not met
Why wasn’t communism working?
Internal Reasons:
-Inefficient economy
people could not get what they want
could not get basic necessities
Why wasn’t communism working?
Ineffective government
- Not willing to change
- Conservative and corrupt leaders
- People not interested in improving the
government
• Communism proved to be a failed economic theory
and communist countries lagged far behind the West
in economic growth.
• State controlled industry was capable of producing
military supplies but was inefficient when it came to
producing regular consumer goods.
• People in Communist countries did not enjoy the
standard of living of those in Western Democracy.
• This caused many within communist states to reject
the philosophy.
USSR - 1988
Why wasn’t communism working?
External Reasons
-Anti-Soviet feelings in the republics
-Increased spending
Was the End of the Cold War
Inevitable?
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• Leader of USSR from
1988 to 1991
• Played an influential role
in the breakup of the
USSR
Was the End of the Cold War
Inevitable?
• Sort Term Developments:
1. Ascension of Gorbachev
2. Gorbachev’s reforms
Gorbachev’s Reforms
• Glasnost (Openness)
• Perestroika (Restructuring)
• Foreign Policy Reforms
Gorbachev’s reforms
• Glasnost: Openness. Gorbachev wanted to
lessen the strict control of the Communist party.
He encouraged people to think of new ways to
improve the USSR.
• Perestroika: Restructuring. Gorbachev also
changed the USSR’s economy to try and make it
more efficient. He would allow for some aspects
of capitalism (ex. small private businesses).
• Democratization. Gorbachev also allowed for
some free elections to take place that did not
just include members of the Communist party.
Nationalism in the Iron Curtain
• People in the Iron Curtain
countries became upset with
the communist system and
indirect rule by the USSR.
• A number of nationalist
movements took place as
countries wanted to rule
themselves under a different
system.
• Up until the 1980s, the
USSR would swiftly crush
any revolution. However,
nationalist movements and
protests continued to
weaken their control.
The Prague Spring Movement was
Crushed by the USSR. Other
nationalist movements that followed
would see more success
1989: Nationalism in E. Europe
Without aid from the USSR, the Iron
Curtain started to lift and communist
regimes fell.
• Poland 1989. Free elections were
held and the communist party was
voted out of office in favor of
members of the Solidarity party.
• Hungary 1989. Hungarian
communist reformers took control
and dissolved their own party.
• Czechoslovakia 1989.
Demonstrators demanded an end to
the communist regime and forced
their leaders to resign.
• Romania 1989. Military leaders
overthrew Romania’s brutal dictator
and established a new government.
Uprising in Romania, this
time there would be no
support for the Iron
Curtain Countries
German Unification
• The East German government
had resisted change and reform,
but the East German people were
hungry for change.
• Late in 1989, they staged huge
demonstrations and forced the
Communist leader to resign.
• The new communist leader
decided to tear down the Berlin
Wall and allow people to leave E.
Germany. The exposure to
democracy and capitalism made
people unwilling to want to
continue life under a communist
dictatorship.
• The communist leaders would be
forced to resign and Germany
would reunite as a capitalist
country the next year.
People Dancing on top of the
Berlin Wall on the day it is torn
down
The USSR dissolves
• In August 1991, hard-line old
communists tried to regain control of
the country in a military coup. They
wanted to end Gorbachev’s reforms.
• However, the Russian people
resisted the coup and members of
the military refused to participate.
The coup was a failure.
• Gorbachev was dedicated to the
Communist Party, but was still
unpopular after the coup.
• The 15 Republics of the USSR all
declared independence. The Soviet
Union was no more and the Cold
War was totally over.
• Boris Yeltsin, already elected as
President of Russia’s republic now
had full control of Russia. Russia
would inherit the nuclear arsenal of
the USSR.