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Darwin’s Bright Idea Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) • Born 12 February 1809 • Named after his uncle (Charles) and his father (Robert). Referred to as “Bobby” by his family during his childhood Click HERE for more pictures of Darwin’s home and birthplace • Grandson of Erasmus Darwin – English physician, natural philosopher, physiologist, inventor, and poet Charles as a child Grandpa Erasmus Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) Click HERE for an interactive voyage of the Beagle • 27 December 1831: joined HMS Beagle voyage as the ship’s naturalist • 5-yr cruise around the world to chart unknown territory, especially along the S. Am. Coastline; visited the Galapagos islands Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands – Group of small islands 1,000 km west of Ecuador – Influenced Darwin’s thinking the most • Characteristics of organisms varied noticeably (Click below to watch videos of the Galapagos fauna) Marine iguanas Blue-footed boobies Tortoises Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands – Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected • Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould Are these finches variants of the same species, or are they different species? Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands – Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected • Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould Despite many superficial resemblances, these birds are from distinct species. John Gould Zoological Society of London Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • Galapagos Islands – Darwin’s finches • 13 specimens collected • Brought home to England and studied by ornithologist John Gould If they are from different species, why do they have similar appearances? Are they related to each other? Could it be that they were once part of the same species? Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed during the Beagle’s journey: – The diversity of life – Fitness of organisms Animals of Australian grasslands 1. Feral pig (wild boar; Sus scrofa) 2. Eastern grey kangaroo(Macrop us giganteus) 3. Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) 4. European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 1 3 4 2 Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed: – The diversity of life – Fitness of organisms Animals of Argentinian grasslands 1. Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros) 2. Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) 3. Pampas finch (Embernagra platensis) 4. Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) 1 4 2 3 Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) Where did all these life forms come from? Did you know…? Why did different species live in certain places? Scientists estimate that around 3 to 20 million species exist today, and that 99.9% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why have so many of them disappeared, and how were they related to living species? Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed: – The diversity of life – Fitness of organisms • Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) Insectivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes attenboroughii) Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans) Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) • What Darwin noticed: – The diversity of life – Fitness of organisms • Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment – Due to physical traits and behaviors that help it adapt to environmental conditions Why are there so many different techniques for survival? How did all these organisms develop the structures that give them their fitness? On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 June 18 Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago. On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 June 18 Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago. Wallace had come up with a theory of natural selection that is very similar to my own! :O On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 June 18 Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago. The struggle for existence…the transmutation of the species… On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1858 July 1 Charles Darwin first went public about his views on the evolution of species. The papers of Darwin and Wallace were read at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London. The reaction to this meeting was a mixture of shock, excitement, and stunned silence. AboutDarwin.com On the Origin of Species (1859) • Published 24 November 1859 • Two main concepts: – Evolution • Common descent – Natural selection On the Origin of Species (1859) • Evolution: descent with modification – Process of change in species through time – Common descent • Natural selection: mechanism for evolution – Adaptations – Struggle for existence On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1860 January The repercussions of Origin of Species were mixed. Thomas Huxley and Joseph Hooker thought very highly of it and soon became stronger allies with Darwin. Huxley soon became a ruthless defender of evolution, even going so far as to suggest that mankind was a transmuted ape! Richard Owen was outraged by the Origin. He saw the ideas expressed in the book as being dangerous to society. He also though the book left too many unanswered questions, and worst of all it leaned natural science away from its respectable position as an investigator of God’s creation. Most readers, however, simply did not understand how natural selection worked. They could not see who or what was doing the selecting. Many assumed God was the selector. AboutDarwin.com Thomas Huxley Joseph Hooker Richard Owen On the Origin of Species (1859) • 1866 The phrase, “Survival of the fittest,” was coined by Herbert Spencer in his two volume book: “Principles of Biology”. It became a substitute for the phrase, “natural selection”, which led people to think selection required a selector (i.e., God). AboutDarwin.com Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory Plant & Animal Breeding Economics Geology EVOLUTION Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory • ECONOMICS Competition for limited resources Woodstock 1969 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory • PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING – Artificial selection Variants of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familaris) The intervention of humans ensures that only individuals with the most desirable traits produce offspring. Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Theory • GEOLOGY – The Earth is more than just a few thousand years old Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction • Variation • Competition • Survival to reproduce Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation • Competition • Survival to reproduce Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation There is variation among offspring • Competition • Survival to reproduce Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation There is variation among offspring • Competition Struggle for existence Organisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduce Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation There is variation among offspring • Competition Struggle for existence Organisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduce Survival of the fittest Individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution • Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation There is variation among offspring • Competition Lycaon pictus Canis latrans Vulpes spp. Canis lupus Canis spp. Organisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduce Individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive The differential success in reproduction resulting from the organisms’ interaction with their environment Natural vs. Artificial Selection Variants of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familaris) • Operates in similar manners • Natural selection occurs over much longer periods of time, w/o any goal or purpose Lycaon pictus Canis latrans Vulpes spp. Canis lupus Canis spp. Natural Selection in Populations • Natural selection involves interactions between individual organisms and their environment, but individuals do NOT evolve • A population is the smallest unit that can evolve Click the pic to view a simulation of natural selection in a population of fictitious blue organisms. Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian • Desire to change Inborn urge to better themselves; innate tendency toward complexity and perfection • Use and disuse Change occurred because organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways • Inheritance of acquired traits Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits If an animal acquired a body structure during its lifetime, it could pass that change to its offpsring Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian • Overproduction Each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity • Variation There is variation among offspring • Competition Organisms compete with one another for limited resources • Survival to reproduce Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits Individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Evolution Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Desire to change, use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits Overproduction, variation, competition, survival to reproduce Click to learn more about Darwin’s Bright Idea Understanding Evolution AboutDarwin.com NY Times – Charles Darwin PBS.org – Evolution Nature – Darwin 200 NY Times – Evolution DarwinLive.com LiveScience.com - Evolution References • Main reference Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (1995). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. • Other references – Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2004). Biology (7th ed.). Menlo Park, California: Benjamin Cummings. – Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (2002). Biology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. – Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. (1993). Biology (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. Image Sources • Slide 2 Shrewsbury: http://www.voa.gov.uk/where/images/shrewesbury.gif Charles: http://www.darwinday.org/learn/darwin.html Erasmus: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2004/wallis/a%20fool%20you%20know.htm • Slide 3 Interactive voyage of the Beagle: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-ofnatural-history/expeditions-collecting/beagle-voyage/ • Slide 4 Galapagos: http://www.galapagoskreuzfahrten.com/photo/news/200709_05.gif • Slide 5, 6, 7 Finches: http://campus.digication.com/darwin/finches • Slide 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 21 Darwin: http://www.arps.org/USERS/ms/KepplerC/Charles-Darwin-31.jpg Image Sources • Slide 6 Gould: http://www.nla.gov.au/collect/treasures/images/gouldport.jpg • Slide 8 Feral pig: http://simplebrowser.blogspot.com/2007/10/feral-pigs-biggest-problem-inaustralia.html Kangaroo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Grey_Kangaroo Dingo: http://kritterkorner.wordpress.com/2008/07/15/dingo-wild-dog-of-australia/ Rabbit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania.jpg • Slide 9 Pampas cat - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas_Cat Pampas deer http://lh5.ggpht.com/_rotqvPRmbtU/SQEarZPe2AI/AAAAAAAAH5Q/RgBebPPBLqE/DSC_ 5229.JPG Pampas finch http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_DPCSd1DIHig/SJRQ2g2N0wI/AAAAAAAAAgY/7fz3Khq1Fks/s4 00/GreatPampafinch.jpg Greater Rhea - http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/451883177_c9b2ddfbb6_o.jpg Image Sources • Slide 11 Pitcher plant http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/08/18/meat.eating.plant/index.html Tarsier - http://scienceguy288.wordpress.com/2009/07/29/wildlife-wednesday-tarsier/ Philippine flying lemur - http://dailymammal.blogspot.com/2008/05/philippine-flyinglemur-colugo.html • Slide 13, 15 Wallace: http://stewartsstruggles.blogspot.com/2008/08/wallace.html • Slide 14, 16, 19 Yahoo Emoticons: http://messenger.yahoo.com/features/emoticons/ • Slide 17 Origin: http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/darwin/originb.jpg Image Sources • Slide 19 Huxley: http://www2.scc-fl.edu/asalmon/chronology_complete_version.htm Hooker: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Hooker.html Owen: http://evolvingwithdarwin.blogspot.com/2008/07/sir-richard-owen.html • Slide 20 Herbert Spencer: http://www.amazon.com/Principles-Biology-v-1/dp/0898757940 • Slide 21, 22 Malthus: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/courses/v1001/evol.html • Slide 22 Woodstock: http://sparkncinder.wordpress.com/2009/08/12/woodstock-1969/ Crops: http://marincountyfreelibrary.blogspot.com/2004_06_01_marincountyfreelibrary_archi ve.html#108785724111160085 • Slide 21, 23, 31 Concepts and Connections by Campbell and Reece Image Sources • Slide 21, 24 Lyell: http://historiadaciencia.blogspot.com/2009/03/o-impacto-do-manuscrito-dewallace-de.html • Slide 24 Principles: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/02/4/image_pop/l_024_01.html • Slides 25 to 29 Puppies nursing: http://www.snopes.com/photos/animals/finnegan.asp • Slide 30, 31 Concepts and Connections by Campbell and Reece • Slide 32 Natural Selection Simulation: http://www.biologyinmotion.com/evol/index.html Image Sources • Slides 33 to 36 Lamarck: http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Lamarck.html Darwin: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/darwin.jpg • Slides 33 to 35 Giraffe: http://www.betterphoto.com/uploads/processed/0026/0601291522231ms588.jpg • Slide 36 Giraffe: http://illustrationboard.blogspot.com/2009/06/evolution-wiped-out-shortstumpy.html Acknowledgment: Free PowerPoint Templates