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Problems Facing the Medieval Church
• Lay Investiture
• Simony (a position in the church being
sold by a bishop to the highest
contributor)
• Greedy clergy / obsession with wealth;
corrupt & pampered bishops; even a
few Popes with questionable morals
• Illiterate, uneducated priests
contributed to conflicting beliefs
• Immoral (non-celibate) priests /
illegitimate children
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
The Church Makes
an Effort to Reform
Pope Leo IX &
Gregory VII lead
the effort to reform
•Reorganize the
structure of the
Church
hierarchy
•Create the
Inquisition (the
Church Court)
•
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
THE CRUSADES
A 200 year period of 9 separate
military expeditions in which the Western European Christians
attempted to retake the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem)
from the Muslim Empire.
1093 – Byzantine emperor Alexius
sends a request for help
to the West.
H.R.E.
Byzantine.
1071 – Byzantines are defeated at
Battle of Manzikert by the
Seljuk Turks.
Seljuk Turks
Muslim Empire
1095 – Pope Urban II calls for
the First Crusade in a
speech given at
Clermont, France.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
H.R.E.
FRANCE
Clermont
Byzantine
Turks
Palestine
Pope Urban II delivers his speech to the Franks and others
at Clermont, France calling for a “Crusade” – a military
campaign to save the Holy Land from the Muslims in 1095.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Other Reasons for the Crusades
• Knights were fired up to fight by religious
zeal.
• Others hoped to gain land of their own,
riches, and adventures.
• Kings saw it as an opportunity to get rid of
• troublesome knights and lords.
The western European Christian
armies of the First Crusade
surrounded the city of Jerusalem in
June 1099.
In mid-July, after a long siege, the
Crusaders stormed into the city and
massacred many of Jerusalem’s
inhabitants.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
In the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096-1099) Europeans carved out four states
The First Crusade was the only successful crusade for the European Christians.
The Muslims gradually recaptured the territory.
Christian
territories
acquired during
the First Crusade
were gradually
lost over the next
100 years.
Jerusalem was
recaptured by
Muslim forces in
1187.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
WHY DID ATTEMPTS TO KEEP the Holy Land FAIL?
“Worldly” Europeans (cultured and well-educated; not-so-fanatically-religious as the
Crusaders) began to transplant themselves and live in the Holy Land – becoming
involved in the lucrative trade industry.
European s in the Holy Land depended on soldiers and resources from the West, which were
usually only came if they promised to keep the lands Christian. Torn between trying to live
and make a living among neighbors who were the “enemy” and told to exterminate
them at the same time created a perpetual endless struggle.
Rivalries at home in Europe led to factional quarrels in the Holy Land. The situation was
not helped during the Second and Third Crusades with rival princes fighting. During
both of these Crusades, European tensions and jealousies proved just as divisive in the
East as they had been at home, causing them both to fail.
The raucous behavior of the Western Christians, especially in the Fourth Crusade did little
to win the affection of their Eastern Christian “brethren.” Eastern Christians lost interest
in assisting the Western motives after that point.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Saladin was a Muslim ruler
in the 1100s / (12th c.), during the
Crusades. Saladin fought the
Crusaders several times, and
recaptured Jerusalem for
Muslims in 1187 prompting the
Second and Third Crusades.
.
This portrait of Saladin
is in the Uffizi Gallery
Florence, Italy
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Saladin’s success led to the Third Crusade.
In response to the Pope’s call for a new, major
Crusade, three Western rulers undertook to lead
their forces in person. These were Richard I, the
Lion-Hearted of England, Phillip II of France, and
Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy
Roman Emperor.
Known as the Third Crusade, it has become
perhaps the most famous of all Crusades other
than the First Crusade.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
THIRD CRUSADE
Richard the Lion-hearted of England, a great soldier, was very
much in his element.
He saw an opportunity to shine on the battlefield, to establish links
with the local nobility, and to speak as the voice of all the Crusader
states once Frederick and Philip were no longer around.
Though he gained much glory, his crusader Armies failed to
defeat the Muslims.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
THIRD CRUSADE
In the end, on Sept. 2, 1192 Richard
negotiated a treaty with the Muslim
leader Saladin
THE TREATY:
• The Muslims will retain control of
Jerusalem.
• Christian pilgrims from the West and
East would be granted free access to
Jerusalem.
This compromise did not meet with approval
back home in western Europe …
particularly with the Pope.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
In 1204 Pope Innocent III called for the Fourth Crusade.
He got little support from the European monarchs.
However, he rallied a large mass of fervently religious pilgrims at a
tournament in France and…..
off they went again…
bearing crosses and swords.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE
http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/childrens_crusade/
REASONS for Going on the
“Religious Pep Rally”
• Adventure in a foreign, exotic
land
• Pope assured you a place in
heaven
• Criminals / debtors would be
forgiven
• Merchants profited
• Kings / Church saw an
opportunity to get rid of
troublesome bully knights
• Younger sons not in line to inherit
father’s property, sought lands and
positions of their own.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
Repeated failures led to the reduced power of Popes
Byzantine Empire is weakened; Turks will now move in
Religious intolerance grows – against Jews (anti-Semitism);
and against Muslims; contributes to increasing distrust
Muslims have of western Christians
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Benefits of the Crusades
While lords/knights absent; in Europe Kings
secure their lands
Trade grows again between West and East –
 improves the Western European’s diet
Creates a money economy in Europe again;
undermining the old Manor system
Spread of Knowledge from the
Middle East
 Europeans become curious about world (further
exploration)
•
discover knowledge and technology of Arabs
Arabic numerals (better than Roman / and a
Zero too!!!)
Algebra
Preserved writings of Greeks (Aristotle!) &
Romans
• Astrolabe
In Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand used the Inquisition to suppress heretics.
After years of Muslim occupation; these joint rulers sought to unify Spain
under Christianity and to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian
peninsula.
The political marriage
of Ferdinand of Aragon
and his cousin,
Isabella of Castile in
1469 began the process
of creating a unified
Spain first ruled by
Christian monarchs.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Reconquista – the long-term effort to
drive the Muslims out of Spain
• The Spanish Inquisition – the Church’s
trials held to try to suppress heresy
• Used by the Catholic monarchs
Ferdinand & Isabella to intimidate and
threaten “infidels” – those who refused to
convert to Christianity, such as Muslims
and Jews.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Ferdinand and Isabella’s
Reconquista
• There is a tragic irony in Ferdinand and
Isabella’s expulsion of the Muslims and
Jews who refused to convert to
Christianity in the 1400s.
• In doing so, they expelled Spain’s
brightest and wealthiest citizens.
The Crusades 1092
– 1212
European kings strengthened their
own power as a result of the Crusades.
The Crusades weakened the power of old
feudal lords in Europe as thousands of
knights died and lords lost their fortunes.
While they were away or being killed in
the Holy Land, kings took over their
lands back home in Europe.
• Jerusalem