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The
Romans
(753BC – 476AD)
Name____________________
1
Who were the Romans?
Look at the Artefact
What do you think it is?
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What do you think it is used for?
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Think of a question you could ask about it?
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What is it?
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What is it used for?
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What do you think it is?
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What do you think it is used for?
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Think of a question you could ask about it?
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What is it?
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What is it used for?
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2
What do you think it is?
________________________________
What do you think it is used for?
________________________________
________________________________
Think of a question you could ask about
it?
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What is it?
________________________________________________________
What is it used for?
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What do you think it is?
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What do you think it is used for?
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Think of a question you could ask about it?
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What is it?
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What is it used for?
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3
In groups sort the statements into true and false and then put true or false next
to the statements in your booklet
True or False
Claudius invaded America
Claudius invaded Britain
Caligula wanted to make his horse
consul
Caligula wanted to make his sword
consul
Caesar died in 44BC
Caesar died in 1750
The Roman empire included China
The Roman empire included Greece
Alexander the Great was the first
emperor of Rome
Augustus was the first emperor of
Rome
The Romans worshipped gods such
as Venus, Jupiter and Victory
The Romans worshipped gods such
as Pluto, Moon and Defeat
Gladiators fought in the Circus
Maximus
Gladiators fought in the Colosseum
Romans spoke Latin
Romans spoke English
The Western Roman Empire lasted
from 312AD to 1641
The Western Roman Empire lasted
from 753BC to 476
The Romans were from Italy
The Romans were from France
4
Religion
At first, the Romans were ___________ this meant that they worshipped
many gods and goddesses. There were lots of different gods and
goddesses that were Roman or that were borrowed from other countries.
The Romans borrowed gods because they thought that it would make
them ____________ and they would have more gods looking after them.
Each god looked after different people or things such as ___________,
who was the god of the house.
The Romans _____________
their gods in temples. There
would be a priest to look after
the temple. At the temple,
Romans might make offerings to
gods such as money, food and
other things so that the god
would help them. Romans would
also make sacrifices which
involved killing an animal such as a ____________or a sheep. The gods
would have the bones and the Romans would have the meat and eat it
with the community. Sometimes the sacrifice was performed to the
emperor so that the gods would look after him.
Sometimes the Roman people could become
_________. Some of the emperors were made
gods when they died. Some emperors were
made gods even though people thought that
they were a bad emperor, such as Commodus.
Other emperors who were made into gods
include Augustus, Claudius I, Trajan, Hadrian,
Diocletian, _________________.
5
Jupiter was the king of the Pagan gods; he had
thunderbolts which he could throw from the
sky. Juno was the wife of Jupiter. Mars was the
god of war and was the strongest apart from
Jupiter. Venus was the goddess of _________
and beauty. Minerva was the goddess of
wisdom and learning. Neptune was the god of
the sea and his symbol was a trident. Bacchus
was the god of wine and partying, he was one of the most popular gods in
Rome. Mercury was the messenger of the gods.
The emperor Constantine was the first emperor to
be Christian. He was the person who started to
make ______________ the main religion in Rome.
Even though he was a Christian he still respected
other ________________ like Pagans and the
Senate even made him into a Pagan god.
Christianity
Maximian I
Pagans
stronger
gods
love
worshipped
Vesta
religions
bull
6
Empire
The Romans came from____________, in Italy and were formed from
small villages that came together. At first they only held Rome but they
soon ____________and eventually controlled a huge empire from Spain
to Persia. The Romans firstly took control of their neighbours including
the Etruscans and Samnites. After securing Tarentum the Romans
controlled all of______________.
The first major threat to Rome’s empire was Carthage. This was a rich city
in North Africa who had a powerful army, which included ____________,
and also had the famous general Hannibal. Rome defeated Carthage in
202B.C. in the Punic Wars and in 146 B.C. decided to attack Carthage and
put salt into the fields so that nothing could grow there again.
Rome then expanded its empire East
and took the Macedonian Empire
which was once ruled by Alexander
the Great. This empire included many
Greek cities, which at one time were
the most powerful cities in the world,
such as _____________ and Sparta.
The Romans then went further East
and eventually took control of cities such as Pergamum, Antioch,
Jerusalem and Alexandria.
Rome’s next threat to its empire came
from Parthia which then became Persia
after the Persians invaded in 226AD. This
was an empire from the modern country
of Iran. They wanted a _______________
empire, like the Romans, and also thought
that they deserved one as their ancestors
had an empire that stretched into Greece. Rome was never able to ____
7
Persia but the Emperor Trajan came close after he took one of the
capitals, Ctesiphon, in 115AD.
Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople, modern
Istanbul, and this eventually led to the empire being ____________ in
two by the emperor Theodosius I. The Western Roman Empire, which
included Rome, fell in _________ after it was _____________ by
barbarian tribes. The Eastern Roman Empire, which included
Constantinople, also known as the Byzantium Empire lasted until
1453AD.
Italy
grew
attacked
Big
476AD
split
Elephants
defeat
Athens
Rome
8
Emperors
The Emperor was the _______________ position in the Roman Empire.
They had control over much of the empire and could do almost anything
they liked. In the 500 years of the Roman Empire
there were over __________ emperors. The role
of Emperor came from the position of Dictator
during the Republic. A Dictator was one man
who took power when there was a serious
threat to Rome such as the invasion of Carthage.
Julius Caesar was a ________________ towards
the end of his career but the senate thought he
had too much power and he was assassinated.
Caesar was not an
emperor.
Caesar’s adopted son, Augustus, became the first
emperor, after his father’s death. He is considered
as one of the emperors and future emperors were
given the title Augustus. ___________ founded the
Julio-Claudian dynasty which ruled Rome from
Augustus in 27BC to Nero’s death in 68AD. In the
__________ _______________ dynasty Claudius
invaded Britain but there were also some bad
emperors such as Caligula who killed his
____________ and wanted to make his horse consul and Nero who was
an actor.
Other emperors who were important include Trajan,
who was the first who was not _____________. He ruled
from 98AD-117AD, he was Spanish and under his rule
the empire was the biggest that it ever was. Commodus
ruled from 177AD-192AD and was considered as a bad
9
emperor. He fought as a gladiator in the Colosseum. Caracalla and Geta
were brothers who were emperors together but Caracalla ordered that
___________ was killed. Elagabalus was only 15 when he became
emperor. The last Western Roman emperor was Romulus Augustus who
ruled from 475-476.
The emperor had a troop of special soldiers to protect him. They were
called the Praetorian Guard. However, some of the bad emperors were
so unpopular that their ______________________killed them. The
emperor also owned a lot of land from the empire, the rest belonged to
Rome. The Emperor owned Egypt, Britannia and Armenia among others.
Italian
Dictator
mother
140
highest
best
Praetorian Guards
Julian-Claudian
Geta
Augustus
10
Army
The Roman army was the backbone of the Roman Empire and one of the
most successful ____________ in world history. It was well-trained, wellequipped, and well-organized. In order to guard such a large empire, the
army took advantage of well-built Roman roads to move about the
empire _____________.
The soldiers in the Roman Legionary were all Roman citizens. They signed
up to fight for _________ years. At the end of the 20 years they were
generally awarded land and/or a large sum of money. This way the army
was made up of trained and
experienced soldiers. It also put land
in the hands of loyal soldiers.
There were also non-_____________
soldiers called auxiliaries. They
joined for 25 years and were
awarded Roman citizenship at the
end of the 25 years. Roman
citizenship was a big deal and came
with lots of privileges.
Roman army was provided with good armour and weapons. Roman
soldiers had armour made of strips of strong iron. The iron made the
armour _____________and the strips made it flexible. They also had iron
helmets which protected their heads and neck, but still let them have
good vision for______________. All of this iron armour was heavy, so
they needed to be strong and in good shape. They also carried tall shields
in some cases.
The Roman soldiers used a variety of weapons
including a pugio (dagger), gladius (sword),
hasta (spear), javelin, and bows and _________.
The soldiers were trained to fight with their
11
________________ and practiced on a regular basis. They would
sometimes spar with each other using wooden swords. Usually, Romans
liked to fight on foot. They used _____________ (soldiers riding horses)
to chase a fleeing enemy. In a battle, the cavalry often lined up either side
of the infantry (foot-soldiers).
Artillery soldiers fired giant catapults, called onagers in machines that
fired ____________ or balls of burning tar. The Romans used big wind-up
crossbows, called ballistas.
Arrows
rocks
fighting
cavalry
strong
citizen
20
weapons
armies
quickly
12
The Romans first settled in Britain in 43AD after the invasion by Claudius,
they left Britain in around 410AD. During this time they transformed
Britain from Celtic tribes into people who lived in towns and cities. Today,
even over 1600 years later we can still see some of the impact the
Romans had on Britain. See if you can guess what the pictures are?
What do you think this
is?
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
What is it?
__________________
__________________
____________________________________________________________
What do you think this
is?
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
What is it?
__________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
13
What do you think
this is?
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
What is it?
__________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
What do you think this
is?
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
What is it?
___________________
___________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
14
The Romans spoke Latin, this language has influenced many other
languages around the world including English. Try and work out the
English word from the Latin word.
Aqua = _______________________Celeber = _______________________
Centum = _____________________Crimen = _______________________
Fungus = ______________________Rudis = ________________________
Villa = ________________________Longa = ________________________
Multa = ______________________ Herba =________________________
Pirata = ______________________Schola = ________________________
Anima =______________________Tubus= _________________________
Pictura = ____________________ Flamma = _______________________
Audio = ______________________ Pauper = _______________________
15
Extension Quiz
1. Which country is Rome in?
2. Who was the first emperor?
3. Can you name these buildings?
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Can you name 4 Pagan gods?
5. Which language did Romans speak?
6. Who was the emperor who invaded Britain?
7. Who was the first Christian emperor?
______________________________________________________
16
Roman Towns
The Romans built the first __________ in Britain, Celts who lived in
Britain before the Romans lived in small ____________. Some of these
villages were big but they did not compare to Roman towns. The Romans
built towns all over Britain as centres to help manage the people they had
conquered. Within 17 years
of the invasion, they had
several major towns in place
in Britain. Towns soon
became important places for
meetings and trade.
The Romans liked everything
to be organised and orderly.
Streets were laid out in
_____________ lines, like the Roman roads were. In the middle of the
town was a large square, called the forum. It was used as a market place
and for meetings. It had shops and offices on three sides and government
offices on the other side. The Roman towns were full of fine buildings and
__________.
Many towns had running _________ and sewers. Aqueducts were bridges
built so that water could be brought into the towns. Only the rich had
water piped to their houses, everyone else had to get water from public
fountains. The only toilets were public lavatories, which were built
around the town and connected to underground ____________.
The three largest Roman towns in
Britain were ___________, Colchester
and St. Albans. Colchester was their
main town, this was the capital of
Britain during the Roman period but
London was a town that was growing.
The Romans called our ___________
17
different names to what we know them as today. Every town with a name
ending in 'chester' or '_________' or ' cester' was once a Roman town,
here are some examples.
Verulamium (St Albans)
Lindum (Lincoln)
Camulodunum (Colchester) Calleva (Silchester)
Ratae (Leicester)
Eboracum (York)
Venta (Winchester)
Glevum (Gloucester)
Today we can see the remains of
Roman towns in ______________.
In York we can see part of the
Roman city walls. Which were
probably created by the emperor
Septimius Severus. There are also
the remains of the Basilica under
York Minster. As well as many
other Roman sculptures.
Towns
caster
London
water
Temples
Britain
Sewers
villages
towns
straight
18
Baths
The Romans built baths to ___________ themselves but that was not the
only reason for these buildings. Roman baths were similar to a water park
but also a place to exercise and to do business. Romans went there to
relax, meet friends, exercise and do business not just to get clean. Roman
people usually didn't have hot baths in their houses, because it was too
difficult to heat up the ____________. And people who lived in cities had
to live in small apartments and so they didn't have room for baths or any
yard to exercise in. So instead
they used to go to public
baths.
When you went to the baths,
you took off your outdoor
clothes and warmed up with
some exercises. Then you
would go for a ___________
in the pool. You would then go
into a series of heated rooms.
You got hotter and hotter, to
sweat out the __________. You would chat with friends while you
sweated. Then you or a slave would scrape off the dirt, sweat and oil with
a metal scraper called a strigil. Finally, a plunge into a cold pool. In all but
the largest baths, there were separate hours for men and ___________.
The women's time slot was shorter. But larger baths had different areas
for men and women.
The Romans loved baths. At
one time, there were as many
as ________ public baths in
ancient Rome. Some Roman
hospitals even had their own
bathhouses. A trip to the
__________ was a very
important part of ancient
19
Roman life and Romans tried to visit the bath every day.
Baths had swimming pools fed by aqueducts, hot tubs, exercise
equipment, gardens, libraries and theatres as well. They even had shops,
selling all kinds of things. People sold hot fast food. Some of them had
temples, like in the Baths of Caracalla. Romans had to pay a small fee to
get in, but they sometimes also had free days.
Almost every town in the Roman Empire had at least one bath building,
and many had more than one. ___________ camps had them, too. The
biggest, fanciest baths were in the city of Rome.
Baths can be found in
________ too, the best
one in Britain is in the city
of Bath. The Romans
noticed that the natural
hot spring there seemed
to be good for their
_____________ and this
made them decide to
build
a
spectacular
bathing complex. Inside
the baths there was a
temple dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva
Army
900
swim
clean
Health
water
women
bath
Dirt
Britain
20
Amphitheatres
The amphitheatre was the centre of entertainment in Roman times. It
was a place where Roman citizens went to watch fights between
gladiators and wild animals, like ________or lions. The bloodier the
battle, the more the crowd __________ it. The fighters were often slaves
or criminals whose punishment was to risk death for the entertainment of
the Romans.
Gladiators fought each other, usually in
pairs. They also fought wild animals such
as lions or bears. Different types of
gladiators used different___________. For
example, a man with a sword and shield
might fight a man with a three-pronged
spear or trident, and a big net. The
Romans would bring animals from around
there empire which many people in Rome
would have never seen, such as alligators
and ostriches. They would treat these animals badly, if they were
dangerous they would not feed them so the animals would be _________
when they faced the gladiators or if they were not dangerous they would
hunt them in the amphitheatre. The Romans also believed that their gods
like gladiator fights so holding them would please the gods. The fights
were so popular that __________ were set up to train men to be
gladiators.
The biggest Roman
amphitheatre is the
Colosseum in Rome which
could hold around ________
people which is similar to a
large football stadium such
as Arsenal or Manchester
City’s stadiums. Romans
would have to pay to visit
here unless an emperor or a
21
rich Roman paid for the games. The_________ people sat nearer to the
front. The Colosseum was also used for other events such as putting on
plays and recreating battles from the past, there are stories of the
Colosseum being flooded so that the Romans could recreate sea
____________.
The largest Roman
amphitheatre discovered
in __________ is in
Chester, it dates from
the 1st century AD (0100AD) when a Roman
fort was founded near to
the location of the
amphitheatre. It could have been used for military training and drills as
the fort would have had many __________ in it. It is more likely that it
was used like the Colosseum in Rome to have gladiator fights but it
probably would have been used for wrestling, boxing and animal fighting
as well. It was used for most of the period when Romans were in Britain
but probably stopped being used in 350AD.
Britain
weapons
hungry
bears
Battles
50,000
schools
soldiers
Enjoyed
richer
22
Hadrian’s Wall
After the Romans invaded _________, they had to defend it. They built
roads first, this meant that soldiers could get around the country quickly
and deal with threats. They also built three very large army forts, and lots
of smaller camps, for
soldiers to live in. At first
these forts were built of
___________, later they
were turned into stone
so they would be
stronger.
Scotland was not part of
the Roman Empire, but
in A.D. 84, the Romans
won a big battle against
the Picts who were a tribe that lived in__________. In A.D. 122 the
Emperor Hadrian ordered his soldiers to build a _______ of stone with
deep ditches along the border at this point between Roman Britain and
Scotland. The wall ran from Wallsend in the east to the coast of the
Solway Firth, near the Lake District. You can still ________ along parts of
Hadrian's Wall today.
The western part was wooden at first. It was 117km long, 4.5m _______
and between 1.75 & 3m thick. It went both
up over craggy mountains and down
through flat valleys. It was designed to keep
the Picts out of Britain. Hadrian's Wall was
built by the legions. It was garrisoned by
auxiliary units. The __________ lived in
forts, mile castles and turrets built along the
Wall. There were 16 forts along the Wall,
and 5 supply forts just to the south. Each
one could hold about 500 men. Every Roman
mile (about 1.5km), there was a milecastle.
These could house up to 64 soldiers, but
usually had less. There were 2 turrets
23
between each pair of milecastles. These were garrisoned by 4 soldiers.
They were like 2-storeyed castle towers. Downstairs was for cooking and
storage. Upstairs was for sleeping. The roof was the lookout station to see
if there were any _________ coming to
attack. Beacons could be lit to warn of
attacks from the Picts. The signal could
then be sent along the Wall from turret
to turret. This would mean that news
of an attack would spread quickly
throughout the camp and the _______
could respond quickly.
In the AD 140s, the Emperor Antoninus
Pius sent his ________ back into
Scotland. They built a 2nd wooden wall
with big earth banks between the River
Clyde and Forth. It was called the Antonine Wall; but they only stayed 20
years because they did not have enough soldiers to protect it. Then
Hadrian's Wall became the border between Scotland and England again.
Tall
armies
wall
Britain
Scotland
soldiers
enemies
Romans
Walk
wood
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Glossary
Ancestors – People who are related to you from a long time ago.
Artefact – Something from the past made by a human that has survived until now.
Assassinated – the murder of an important person for political reasons.
Auxiliaries - Auxiliary military units attached to the legions. There were about 150,000 soldiers
serving as auxiliaries. They were not Roman citizens, but were given citizenship when they
retired.
Barbarian - A person who lived outside the Roman Empire, seen as having a violent nature. They
were called barbarians because Greeks and Romans thought they’re languages sounded like
sheep baaing.
Basilica –A large building where town business was carried out (like a modern Town Hall)
Byzantium empire – an empire that formed from the Eastern part of the Roman Empire and
lasted until 1453
Carthage – an empire from North Africa which was one of Rome’s earliest enemies. The general
Hannibal was from Carthage
Celtic -People who lived in Europe, including Britain, and who fought the Romans.
Circus Maximus – a Roman chariot racing stadium, was also used for games.
Citizens - Person with special rights such as the right to vote and own property in the Roman
Empire. Only men could be full Roman citizens.
Colosseum – an amphitheatre that was used for gladiatorial fights and games.
Consul – one of the highest positions in Rome. There were two consuls every year. They had the
power to make changes in Rome.
Dictator – one person who would take control of Rome during a time of serious threat.
Emperor – one person who is in charge of the empire. They may have got the position by being
related to the last emperor, being voted or killing the last emperor.
Etruscans – People who lived in Italy who were one of the first places Rome invaded.
Forum - An open space in the middle of a town for markets and meeting people (like a market
square). It was the centre of Roman town life.
25
General -leader of an army, the soldier giving the orders to everyone else.
Gladiator - A person trained to fight other gladiators or animals in amphitheatres.
Legion - The main battle unit of the Roman army, its soldiers were called legionaries. There were
between 4,000 and 6,000 legionaries in a legion.
Pagans – a religious group who worshipped more than one god. They performed sacrifices to
their gods.
Persia – an Empire from modern day Iran, was an enemy of Rome after its empire came near the
Persian empire.
Praetorian Guards - A permanent group of soldiers. Their purpose was to be the personal guard
to the emperor. They were also the official army of Imperial Rome.
Republic - A country without a king, queen or emperor. The people who rule it are elected.
France, Italy and Germany are countries today which are republics.
Sacrifice – performed by Pagans to their gods. They would give something to their gods such as
an animal, money or other things.
Samnites - People who lived in Italy who were one of the first places Rome invaded.
Senate - The Roman government, made up of senators.
Senators - A person elected to the Roman Senate who helped run the government. Some
countries today, like the U.S.A., have senators.
Strigil -A metal object used in Roman baths to scrape sweat, dirt and excess oil off.
Tarentum - People who lived in Italy who were one of the first places Rome invaded. They were
one of the last places in Italy to fully give in to Roman rule
Temple – a building in which the Romans worshipped their gods. They would prayer and perform
sacrifices here.
Title – a name that is given to someone to show how important they are. The Emperors of Rome
were given the title of Augustus.
Tribe - A group of people who live in one part of a country and are ruled by a chief
Trident – a three-pronged spear which the god Neptune carried
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