Download History of life on Earth Crossword (large).

History of life on Earth Crossword
Name ____________
Across
1. – model of evolution
stating the morphological
change are rapid,
simultaneous events
separated by long periods
during which the species
remains unchanged.
4. –Principle is a
relationship between the
frequencies of alleles and
the genotype of a
population. Hardy,
Weinberg, and the
population geneticists who
followed them came to
understand that evolution
will not occur in a
population if seven
conditions are met.
5. – a drug or chemical
compound that kills or
prevents the growth of
bacteria, fungus or
parasites.
8. - is a theory of geology
that has been developed to
explain the observed
evidence for large scale
motions of the Earth's
continents
10. – group of individuals of
the same species, found in
the same time and place
and are able to interbreed.
11. – Having more than two
sets of Chromosomes.
12. –type of selection
where the unequal survival
and reproduction of
organisms due to the
environment, resulting in
preservation of favorable
adaptations. Based on the
differential survival and
reproduction based on
genetic differences among
individuals.
15. – Structures that have
similar functions and
superficially similar
appearance but very
different anatomy, such as
the wings of incests and
birds. The similarities are
due to similar selective
pressure rather than
common ancestry.
17. – The remains of an
organism or sign of an
organism, usually
preserved in rock. Fossils
include mineralized wood,
shells, bones, impression or
casts of bodies or body
parts including leaves, feathers or foot prints.
18. –type of isolation when two populations of the same species are separated by a geographic barrier such as a mountain range, a wide river or an
ocean. Some physical barrier prevents the two populations from interbreeding. This may lead to divergence of the two populations into different
species.
19. – the reproductive success of an organism usually expressed in relation to the average reproductive success of all individuals in the same
population.
23. __________ isolation- any barrier that prevents two different species from successfully interbreeding. Temporal barriers are when the organisms
breed at different times, Barriers may be behavioral, mechanical or chemical incompatibility. If an offspring is produced it is called a hybrid and
hybrids are often sterile due to genetic incompatibilities.
24. – Structures that serve no apparent purpose, but which are homologous to functional structures in related organisms. Provides evidence for
evolution.
25. – ________ evolution - when a single species splits to form two or more new species that exist at the same time.
26. – Type of selection favoring the two ends of the range of variation for a particular trait. Organisms with the Intermediate or “Middle of the Range”
trait are selected against. Disruptive pressure can lead to speciation.
27. - a branch of geology, studying rock layers and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.
The premise is that the youngest layers are found on top and the older layers are found on the bottom because the piled up as they formed (If
nothing happened to disturb these layers.) Can be used for relative dating of the rock layers and fossils found with in the layers.
28. – the death of all members of a species. Or the death of the last individual of a species.
31. – A hypothesis stating that certain organelles especially chloroplasts and mitochondria were bacteria captured inside of another cell and they
developed a mutually symbiotic relationship resulting in the eukaryotic cell. One piece of evidence that supports this theory is that chloroplasts and
mitochondria have their own DNA.
33. – a change in the allele frequencies of a small population purely by chance.
36. - used by geologists and other scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of Earth.
37. – type of selection where intentional breeding for certain traits, or combinations of traits, over others. Also known as selective breeding. Has
allowed breeders of plants and domesticated animals to develop different breeds with desired traits.
Down
2. – the rise of many new species in a relatively short time as a result of a single species invading new habitats and evolving under different selective
pressures in those habitats, or adapting to fill different niches within those habitats, as with Darwin’s Finches.
3. - a hypothetical state in which a population is not evolving because the allele frequencies remain constant over time. This can be due to stabilizing
selection selecting against the heterozygotes.
6. – the ability of a mutated bacteria, fungus or parasite to resist the effects of an antibiotic that normally kills it.
7. – a model of evolution, stating that morphological change and speciation are slow, gradual processes that are not necessarily simultaneous or
linked.
9. – Descent with modification. Decent of different species from a common ancestor through inheritance of genetic traits. . Changes in the gene
frequencies in populations of an organisms that can eventually result in the development of new species.
13. - the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks
(ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilized feces (coprolites), and chemical residues.
14. - is a technique used to date materials, based on a comparison between the observed abundance of particular naturally occurring radioactive
isotopes and their known decay rates. It is the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including
the age of the Earth itself. Among the best-known techniques are potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating. Radiocarbon dating is used on
fossils and other organic matter that is less than 500,000 years old.
16. – an explanation for natural events that is based on a large number of observations and evidence and is in accord with existing scientific
principles
20. – a type of genetic drift in which an isolated population founded by a small number of individuals may develop a gene frequency that are very
different from the parent population because of chance.
21. – a process resulting in new species when two population are reproductively isolated and are no longer able to breed because of physical,
genetic or behavioral differences.
22. – Structures that differ in function but have similar anatomy, presumably because of descent from a common ancestor.
28. – the development of an embryo whether in an egg sac as in fish, birds and reptiles or in the womb of mammals. All vertebrates show many
similar stages of development and share homologous structures. In early stages of embryological development many species of vertebrates look
similar.
29. – The evolution of adaptations in two species due to their extensive interactions with each other, so that each species acts as a major force of
selection on the other species. One example of this is the yucca and the moth that pollinates it. Yucca flowers are a certain shape so only that tiny
moth can pollinate them. The moths lay their eggs in the yucca flowers and the larvae (caterpillars) live in the developing ovary and eat yucca seeds.
30. – Characteristic of an organism that helps it survive in a particular environment. Also the process of acquiring useful characteristics.
32. –type of selection where the individuals that survive and reproduce more successfully are those that have intermediate phenotypic values. Put
another way, extreme values of the character are selected against. Mortality among newborn infants, for example, is highest when they are either
very small or very large; infants of intermediate size have a greater chance of surviving.
33. – the total of all alleles of all genes in the population; for a single gene the total of all the alleles of that gene that occur in a population.
34. –_________ evolution -the independent evolution of similar structures among unrelated organisms, due to similar selective pressures, creates
analogous structures
35. – Type of selection favoring one end of a range of variation in a particular trait. For example on the Galapagos Islands when there is a drought
and only large seeds with tough seed coats are left, the Darwin’s finches with the largest beaks survived better.