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Download The Renaissance - Ms. Gurr`s Class
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The Renaissance General Characteristics • Rebirth of Greco-Roman ideals – Architecture & Art – Continues literary revival of Greek & Roman classics • • • • • • Individualism Strong Christian/religious overtone Greater secularism New scientific values Age of Recovery Elite movement Transition Period • Decentralized feudalism to political centralization • Agricultural economy to commercial economy • Church dominated to secular control of thought & culture Italian Renaissance • Begins in Italy– spreads northward • Italy– not unified– divided into city-states – Despots in Milan & Venice • Florence – De Medicis • Cosimo de Medici • Lorenzo the Magnificent • Merchant class but still despots • Patrons of the arts Humanism • Studied original Latin & Greek texts • Liberal arts program • Dignity of humankind– virtuous action– virtu • Humanities– what makes us human Francesco Petrarch • • • • Father of Humanism Letters to the Ancient Dead Love sonnets Attacked scholasticism– secular & Christian values do not always coexist peacefully • Wrote in Italian-- vernacular Giovanni Boccaccio • Decameron –Tales about the plague in Florence –Social commentary on sexual & economic misconduct Plague Lorenzo Valla • Exposed the Donation of Constantine –Original texts –Anachronistic language • Exposed errors in Latin Vulgate Education • • • • • • • Studied Greek & Roman classics Revival of physical activity Rhetoric & grammar Value of learning Focus on Plato Well-rounded– focus on liberal arts Embraced humanism agenda Renaissance Literature • Baldassare Castiglione – Book of the Courtier – Well-rounded man; Renaissance man • Christine de Pisan – Lyric poetry – The City of the Ladies • Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – Strong ruler to unite Italy – Handbook for keeping power Renaissance Art • Rise of secularism although religion was still important • Focuses on the individual & emotions • No longer about the afterlife • Perspective • Chiaroscuro • Idealistic but natural Italian Politics • Not united-- loyal to city-state • Savonarola rules Florence – Protects from French invasion by Charles VIII – Executed in 1498 for antipapal policies and ridiculous morality • Pope Julius II – Pushed out the French – Granted Concordat of Bologna in 1516 Italy-- Economics • Dominated commerce until 15th century • Banking –Medici family • Slave labor • Merchants– middle class Italian Society • Marriage: –Arranged –Move up or down in society • Children –Wet nurses –Large families –50% mortality rate before age 20 The Northern Renaissance Characteristics • Created favorable climate for Reformation • Influenced by Italian Renaissance • Religion played a more influential role • Wrote for lay audiences & the educated • Writers– more diverse backgrounds Christian Humanism • AKA Northern Humanism • Original texts but emphasized religious texts & religious questions – Focused on sources of early Christianity, the Scriptures, & writings of Augustine • Emphasized a simple religion that had been distorted by the Church’s theologians • Use Christian sources to progress & improve– to reform the Church & its laity. • Emphasis on education to reform humankind Erasmus • Most famous Christian humanist • Colloquies– dialogues to satirize religious behavior • Adages– published proverbs • Reform individuals by studying the classics & the Bible– power of education • Greek edition of New Testament • Praise of Folly– also a satire • Handbook of a Christian Knight– Christianity should guide people– not the Church • Placed on Index of Prohibited Books Sir Thomas More • Utopia (1516)– idealistic life based on Christian principles – New social system– cooperation replaces power & fame – No private property– communal ownership • Religiously devoted to the Church • Clash w/ Henry VIII-- executed Printing Press • 1450s, Johann Gutenberg invented printing w/ movable type • Printing– profitable new trade & profession • Tool for propaganda • Challenges to political authority • Mass production of indulgences • Literacy increases Compare & contrast the two types of humanism & the two Renaissances The New Monarchies Characteristics • • • • • • Uniform law & order Legitimate source of authority Army Taxation Makes & enforces law Desire for absolute control– no division of power w/ church England • Tudor dynasty– Henry VII –Wars of the Roses –Lancasters vs. York –Lancasters win • Prohibited livery & maintenance • Star Chamber– royal court • Limited by Parliament France • • • • Louis XI– Valois line Power over taxation Power over clergy Pragmatic Sanction– Church controlled its affairs • Concordat of Bologna– –Pope has annates –King appoints bishops & clergy Spain • Ferdinand & Isabella • Reconquista– built a national feeling based on Christianity • Expulsion of Jews & Moors • Spanish Inquisition • Conquest of Granada-- 1492 Holy Roman Empire • Princely states, priestly states, & free cities • Emperor elected– actually weakened his power • Habsburg family dominated emperorship – Gained control over large tracts of Europe – Universal monarchy – Other nations feared absorption into this empire
