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Parts of the Plant and Their Functions By: Ita Rodríguez 3rd Grade Importance of plants • Without plants life on earth would not exist Plants • Primary source of food for people and animals • Produce oxygen • Help keep us cool • Renew (filter) the air Plants • Slow wind speed • Provide a home for wildlife • Beautify surroundings • Perfume the air • Provide building materials and fuel Plants • • • • Need nutrients Soil Water Sunlight Plant Photosynethesis • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food (sugar or glucose) – Sunlight provides energy – The air provides carbon dioxide – Nutrients and water are absorbed by the roots – Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast in the leaves Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through stomata (tiny holes) in the leaves. Oxygen leaves the same way. Soil Nutrients Nitrogen – growth, photosynthesis Phosphorus – photosynthesis, flowering Potassium – build proteins, prevent disease Calcium – strong cells Magnesium – photosynthesis Sulfur - build proteins and produce food Parts of a Plant • Four basic parts – leaves – stems – roots – flowers Leaves • Definition: flattened outgrowth of stem • Used for: photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration • Produces food used by the plant and also store it for later use Shape and Size of Leaves • Vary among plants • Used for identification of plants Leaves: Their Basic Parts •Leaf Base •Petiole •Lamina (blade) •Midrib •Veins •Margins (edges) EXTERNAL ANATOMY Leaf Base •Part attached to the stem or branch •Protects a bud in its axil Petiole • Part of leaf that connects the lamina with the stem (leaf stalk) •Some time a leaf may not have a petiole, such leaves are called – Sessile Lamina (blade) •The flat, expended, and broad part of leaf •Most important part of the leaf (food manufacturer) • Has veins • Forms structural framework of the leaf Midrib • Large center vein from which all other leaf veins extend Veins • Systems of tubes (xylem and phloem) for the transport of nutrients and water – Xylem: ducts that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf – Phloem: ducts that usually move sap, with dissolved sucrose, produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, out of the leaf Venation Types Netted or Reticulate Venation Margins • Edges of leaves • Assists in plant identification Leaf Arrangement • Alternate • Opposite • Whorled – arranged in a circle around the stem Leaf Types • Simple leaf: undivided blade with a single axillary bud at the base of its petiole Leaf Types • Compound leaf: blade divided into leaflets has a single bud at the base of its petiole – pinnate -- palmate Leaf Types • Peltate leaves: petioles that are attached to the middle of the blade • Perfoliate leaves: sessile leaves that surround and are pierced by stems Specialized or Modified Leaves • • • • • • • • • • • Cotyledons Tendrils Shade leaves Drought-resistant leaves Prickles and thorn Storage leaves Reproductive leaves Insect-trapping leaves Bracts Window leaves Flower pot leaves Cotyledons or “Seed Leaves” •First leaves produced by a germinating seed •Often contains a store of food to help the seedling become established Tendrils Garden Pea •Leaflets are reduced in size •Allows plant to cling to other objects Leaves: Needles and Spines Drought Resistant leaves Leaves: Colorful Bracts Petal-like leaves Internal Leaf Structure • Epidermis –skin of the leaf –single layer of cells –protects leaf from loss of too much moisture Internal Leaf Structure Stomata • Small hole • Opened and closed by 2 guard cells • Allows the plant to breathe and transpire – gives off moisture open closed Stomata Function: gas exchange in the leaf Guard cell oxygen When a plant is photosynthesising Carbon dioxide Leaf Cell (Palisade) Chloroplasts • Contains chlorophyll • Located inside the food making cells Photosynthesis • Process by which CO2 and H2O in the presence of sunlight are converted to sugar and oxygen • This makes the plants' food Respiration • Plants respire 24 hours a day • They consume O2 and nutrients and give off CO2 and water Stems • Have two main functions – movement of water and minerals from the roots upward – movement of manufactured food down Stem Functions • Support of leaves and reproductive structures Stem Functions • Used for food storage and reproduction of plants involving cuttings • Green stems manufacture food just as leaves do External Stem Structure • Lenticels: breathing pores • Bud scale scars: indicate where terminal bud has been located previous year Leaf Scars • Show where leaf was attached • Distance between the two represents one year of growth Internal Stem Structure • Phloem- bark, carries manufactured foods down • Xylem- wood, carries water and minerals up • Cambium- separates the 2 and produces all new cells Roots • Underground or above ground • Functions: – anchor plant and hold upright – absorb water and minerals form soil and conduct to stem – store food External • Root Cap – produces new cells – protects roots as they push through soil • Root Hair – increases surface area of roots – facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients Root Structure • Internal – similar to stems – older roots have xylem, phloem and cambian Type of Root Systems • Fibrous Roots: – easier transplanting – shorter, smaller, more compact Examples of plants with this root system are Banana Coconut Rice Corn Sugar Cane All grasses Type of Root Systems • Tap Roots: – large central roots with shorter, branching roots Examples of plants with this root system are Mango Avocado Carrots Tomatoes Peppers Type of Root Systems • Aerial Roots: – hang down in mid-air and absorb water from rainfall Examples of plants with this root system are Some mangroves Wild Pine Orchids Specialized Root Systems • Stilt Roots: – grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil Specialized Root Systems • Adventitious Roots: – Grow from unusual places on plants such as stems, leaves and even fruits Flowers • Definition: the seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla (petals) and a green calyx (sepals) • Vary in size, shape, and colors • Flowering plants are called angiosperms Flower Structure • Petals • Stamen and pistil: reproductive organs • Anther and ovary • Calyx (sepal): green leaf-like part that covers and protects bud before opening Petals • Are actually leaves • Usually bright colors to attract pollinating insects Stamen • Stamens – male part of flower – has two parts 1.filament 2.anther Anther Filament Pistil • Stamens – female part of flower – has three parts 1.stigma 2.style 3.ovary Anther • Anther: sac-like structure on top of filament, contains pollen Ovary • Egg cells develop here • Grows to become fruit or seedcoat Animals: A Simbiotic Relationship • Pollination: color of flower attracts insects to fertilize flower – beginning of fruit and seed formation • Fruits and seed are attractive to birds who eat and spread seeds – reproduces plant – some seeds carried on animals coats Types of Flowers • Complete contains 4 main parts • Incomplete does not have all 4 main parts Flower Classification • Monoecious – stamens and pistils are found in separate flowers on the same plant – ex: Corn Flower Classification • Dioecious – stamens and pistils are found in separate flowers on separate plant – ex: Holly Gymnosperms • Group of non-flowering, seed-producing plants: – conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales – comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning "naked seeds" – seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks Pteridophyta • Primitive plant • Do not produce flowers or seeds • Reproduce by spores • Have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants) • Have stems, leaves, and roots Seeds A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food External Seed Structure Seed Coat Seed Coat Texture • Cactus seed under a powerful Internal Seed Structure Different Types of Seeds GERMINATION Steps: Seed coat breaks Radicle becomes root Hypocotyl and epicotyl become the stem First leaves grow and photosynthesis begins First leaves Watch the following video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYzXToyEzBU Life Cycle THE END