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Nerve / fiber type
I Olfactory
-somatosensory
II Optic
-somatosensory
Cell body of origin
Dispersed collections of
neurons located in olfactory
mucosa in root of nasal
cavity
Dispersed ganglion cells
within the retina as the
ganglion cell layer
Branches
(or peripheral & central
processes)
Peripheral processes: surface
of olfactory mucosa
Central processes: terminate
in olfactory bulb.
Peripheral processes: part of
the ganglion cell that connects
to bipolar cells.
Central processes: optic nerve
III Oculomotor
-somatomotor
-parasympathetic
IV Trochlear
-somatomotor
V Trigeminal
-somatosensory
(90%)
-somatomotor (10%)
Somatomotor:
Oculomotor nucleus
Superior division
Inferior division
Visceromotor:
1˚- Accessory oculomotor
nucleus (Edinger-westphal
nucleus).
2˚- ciliary ganglion
Trochlear nucleus
Somatosensory:
Trigeminal (sensory)
ganglion
Somatomotor: trigeminal
motor nucleus.
Travels through
Central processes pass thru
cribiform plate in ethmoid bone.
Olfactory bulb axons form
olfactory tract (CNS) to terminate
in cortex.
Light in retina: rods & cones >
bipolar cells to peripheral
processes around ganglion cells.
Optic nerves pass through the
optic canal.
Nasal fibers cross to contralateral
side: optic chiasm. Lateral side
remains uncrossed. These travel
through optic tracts.
Travels thru the superior orbital
fissure.
Parasympathetic travels along
with the inferior division.
Peripheral processes are in
skin (V1-V3).
Central processes terminate in
trigeminal spinal nucleus.
V1 – ophthalmic
-frontal nerve
-lacrimal nerve
-nasociliary nerve
V2 – maxillary
Travels thru the superior orbital
fissure.
V1 ophthalmic goes thru the
superior orbital fissure.
-frontal nerve into forehead
-lacrimal nerve into lateral side
of eye
-nasociliary nerve into eye and
nose
V2 maxillary travels thru foramen
rotundum.
-
Innervates
-visceral olfactory
responses sensed by
nose
-coordinated visual
fields
Superior division:
-superior rectus
-levator palpebra
superiorus
Inferior division:
-medial rectus
-inferior rectus
-inferior oblique
Superior oblique
V1 – forehead to
corners of eyes
V2 – between corners
of eyes to corners of
mouth.
Maxillary sinus &
upper teeth.
V3 – (sensory)
mandible & lower
-infraorbital nerve
-greater & lesser palatine
nerves
-zygomatic nerve
-posterior superior alveolar
nerve
-sphenopalatine nerve
V3 mandibular travels thru
foramen ovale into mandible.
V3 – mandibular
(sensory)
-inferior alveolar neve
-lingual nerve
-buccal nerve
-auriculotemporal nerve
(motor)
VI Abducens Nerve
-somatomotor
Abducens nucleus
VII Facial Nerve
-somatosensory
-somatomotor
-parasympathetic
Somatomotor:
Facial nucleus
Somatosensory:
Geniculate ganglion
Visceromotor:
Superior salivary nucleus
Somatomotor:
-temporal
-zygomatic
-bucchal
-mandibular
-cervical
Somatosensory:
Peripheral are taste receptors
on anterior 2/3 of tongue,
external ear.
Central processes terminate in
nucleus solitarius (taste) and
spinal trigeminal nucleus
(external ear).
Visceromotor:
1˚ - superior salivary nucleus.
Greater petrosal nerve
contains preganglionic
parasympathetic.
2˚ - pterygopalatine ganglion.
Travels thru the superior orbital
fissure to the lateral side of the
orbit.
Leave cranial cavity thru internal
auditory meatus. Travels thru the
facial canal in the temporal
bone.
Exits thru stylomastoid foramen.
Somatomotor & somatosensory:
Travel thru internal auditory
meatus, facial canal, and
stylomastoid foramen. Primarily
somatomotor.
Visceromotor:
Greater petrosal nerve thru facial
canal, thru geniculate ganglion to
pterygopalatine ganglion.
Chorda tympani travel thru facial
canal, then leave thru tympanic
cavity (middle ear).
teeth, gen. sensation
to tongue, cheeks,
ear, side of head.
(motor) masseter,
temporalis, medial
pterygoid, lateral
pterygoid
mylohyoid, anterior
belly of digastric,
tensor tympani &
tensor veli palatini.
Lateral rectus
Somatomotor:
muscles of facial
expression
Stylohyoid, stapedius,
posterior belly of
digastric.
Somatosensory:
external ear and taste
receptors in tongue.
Visceromotor:
lacrimal gland,
submandibular gland,
sublingual gland,
mucous gland, oral
mucous glands.
VIII
Vestibulocochlear
-somatosensory
IX
Glossopharyngeal
-somatosensory 90%
-somatomotor
-parasympathetic
Vestibular ganglion (balance)
Spiral ganglion (cochlear)
Somatomotor: nucleus
ambiguous
Somatosensory:
Inferior ganglion of the
glossopharyngeal nerve
Parasympathetic:
1˚ - inferior salivary nucleus
2˚ - otic ganglion
X Vagus
-somatomotor
-somatosensory
-parasympathetic
Somatomotor:
Nucleus ambiguous
Somatosensory:
Chorda tympani contains
preganglionic parasympathetic
& taste fibers to anterior
tongue from geniculate
ganglion.
2˚ - submandibular ganglion.
Peripheral process: sensory
cells of vestibular/cochlear
region.
Central processes terminate in
vestibular nuclei (vestibular)
or cochlear nuclei (cochlear).
Peripheral processes carry:
-taste & somatosensory
information from posterior 1/3
of tongue
-somatosensory information
from pharynx
-somatosensory information
from middle ear, auditory
tube, mastoid air cells
-viscerosensory information
from carotid body:
baroreceptors &
chemoreceptors
Central processes terminate in
nucleus solitarius – taste,
baroreceptors &
chemoreceptors
Spinal trigeminal nucleus –
general sensory.
Peripheral process: in mucosa
of larynx, respiratory system,
heart, digestive system.
In external auditory meatus,
meninges of posteriocranial
Vestibular ganglion travel thru
semicircular canals
Inner ear
Cochlear ganglion are around
turns of cochlea.
Travel thru internal auditory
meatus.
Travels thru jugular foramen.
Posterior third of
tongue, mucosa of
pharynx, middle ear,
auditory tube, blood
pressure &
chemoreceptors near
common carotid.
Somatomotor:
stylopharyngeus
muscle
Visceromotor: parotid
gland
Travels thru the jugular foramen.
Somatomotor: larynx,
pharynx, and soft
palate muscles:
pharyngeal
constrictor muscles,
muscles of larynx,
Inferior ganglion of the
vagus nerve (nodose
ganglion).
Superior ganglion terminate
in the spinal trigeminal
nucleus of brainstem.
fossa, external surface of
tympanic membrane.
levator veli palatini,
palatoglossus,
palatopharyngeus,
salpingopharyngeus
Central processes: -terminate
in nucleus solitarius.
-termiante in spinal trigeminal
nucleus.
Somatosensory:
laryngeal mucosa,
meninges of posterior
cranial fossa, external
ear
Parasympathetic:
1˚ - dorsal motor nucleus of
the vagus
2˚ -
XI Accessory
-somatomotor
C1-C5
XII Hypoglossal
-somatomotor
Hypoglossal nucleus



Ascend in vertebral canal, travel
thru foramen magnum to cranial
cavity, then travel back out thru
jugular foramen.
Exits cranial cavity through
hypoglossal canal of occipital
bone
Parasympathetic:
smooth & cardiac
muscles of thorax,
smooth muscle of
abdomen up to
splenic flexure.
Sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
Intrinsic muscles of
tongue
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Somatomotor come from somatomotor nuclei in brainstem.
Somatosensory go to cranial nerve sensory ganglia outside the brain: these have peripheral and central processes. Receptors are near
peripheral processes, central processes terminate in a cranial nerve sensory nucleus.
Autonomic fibers have a two-cell chain