Download to have been + past participle

Infinitive of purpose: in
order to
is used to express purpose. It answers
the question “WHY?”
is often omitted.
He came here
WHY?
He came here
English
English
To express purpose, use
verb*
not
INCORRECT: He came here
INCORRECT: He came here
INCORRECT: He came here
with a
English
English
English
can be used to express purpose, but it is a
preposition and is followed by a noun object.
I went to the store
I went to the store
some bread.
some bread.
*Exception
The phrase
expresses the typical or general purpose of a
thing. In this case, the preposition
is followed by a gerund:
A saw
A saw
wood
wood
However, to talk about a particular thing and a particular situation
is used
A chain saw
(NOT for cutting) down the old oak tree
Adjectives followed by
infinitives
Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives, as in
examples. In general, these adjectives describe a person (or
persons), not a thing.
Many of these adjectives describe a person´s feelings or attitudes
the bad news
Tim at the meeting
Glad to (do it)
Sorry to*
Ready to
Careful to
Surprised to*
Happy to
Sad to*
Prepared to
Hesitant to
Amazed to*
Pleased to
Upset to*
Anxious to
Reluctant to Astonished to*
Delighted to
Disappointed to*
Eager to
Afraid to
Shocked to*
Content to
Proud to
Willing to
Likely to
Stunned to*
Relieved to
Ashamed to
Motivated to
Certain to
Lucky to
Determined to
Fortunate to
* The expressions with asterisks are usually followed by infinitive phrases with
verbs such as
Using Infinitives with TOO and
ENOUGH
In the speaker’s mind, the use of
implies a
In: That box is too heavy for Bob to lift
for Bob to lift that box
It is impossible
In: That box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it
possible but difficult for Bob to lift that box
It is
follows an adjective:
I am
Usually
to lift that box. I can lift it.
precedes a noun:
I have
to lift that box.
English, it may follow a noun:
I have
to lift that box.
Passive and Past forms of
Infinitives and Gerunds
Forms:
SIMPLE
PAST
ACTIVE
To see
Seeing
To have seen
Having seen
PASIVE
To be seen
Being seen
To have been seen
Having been seen
The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund happened
before the time of the main verb.
In The rain seems
The rain seems now to have stopped a few minutes ago *
I appreciate
I appreciate
the opportunity to meet the king
the opportunity to meet the king
I met the king yesterday. I appreciate now having the
opportunity
to meet
the king yesterday*
I met the
king yesterday.
I appreciate
now having the
opportunity to meet the king yesterday*
In I did not expect
to his party
To be invited is passive. The understood by-phrase is “by him”; I did
not expect to be invited by him.
In Iisappreciated
In Nadia
fortunate
to your
home
a scholarship
Beingwas
invited
The understood
by-phrase
is “by you”:
Nadia
givenisapassive.
scholarship
last month by
her government.
SheI
appreciated
being now
invited
by you
is fortunate. Nadia
is fortunate
to have
been given a
scholarship last month by her government.
In Nadia is fortunate
a scholarship
Nadia was given a scholarship last month by her government. She
is fortunate. Nadia is fortunate now to have been given a
scholarship last month by her government.
In I appreciate
the news
I was told the news yesterday by someone. I appreciate that. I
appreciate now having been told the news yesterday by
someone.
Using Gerunds or Passive
Infinitives following NEED
Usually an infinitive follows need, as:
I need to borrow some money
John needs to be told the truth
In certain circumstances, a gerund may follow need. In this
case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the
situations involve fixing or improving something.
The house needs painting
The house needs to be painted
Using a possessive to modify
a Gerund
english, a possessive adjective is used to modify a
gerund as in the first example. Also the object form of a pronoun
is frequently used as in the second example.
We came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that fact
• Formal: Mr. Lee complained about our coming to class late.*
• Informal: Mr. Lee complained about us coming to class late.
In very formal English, a possessive noun is used to
modify a gerund. The possessive form is often not used
in informal English
Formal: Mr. Lee complained about Mary’s coming to
class late.
Informal: Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming to
class late.
*Coming to class late occurred before Mr. Lee complained, so a past Gerund
is also possible: Mr. Lee complained about our having come to class late.
Using verbs of perception
Certain verbs of perception are followed by either the simple form* or
the –ing form** of a verb. There is often little difference in meaning
between the two forms, except the –ing form usually gives the idea of
“while.” In: I saw my friend while she was running down the street.
 I saw my friend run down the street.
 I saw my friend running down the street .
 I heard the rain fall on the roof.
 I heard the rain falling on the roof.
Sometimes (not always) there is a clear difference between using
the simple form or the –ing form. The use of the –ing form gives
the idea that an activity is already in progress when it is
perceived.
• When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate I
heard my roommate singing in the shower.
• I heard a famous opera star sing at the concert last night.
See
Look at
Hear
Feel
Smell
Notice
Observe
Listen to
Watch
The simple form of a verb = the infinitive form without “to.”
I saw my friend to run down the street.
The –ing form refers to the present participle
Using the simple form after Let and Help
Let is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive.
My father lets me to drive his car.
• I let my friend borrow my bicycle.
• Let’s go to a movie.
Help is often followed by the simple form of
the verb.
• My brother helped me washed my car.
• My brother helped to wash my car.
Using causative verbs: Make, have and get
Make, have, and get can be used to express the idea that “X” causes “Y” to do
something. When they are used as causative verbs, their meanings are similar
but not identical.
• I made my brother carry my suitcase.
• I had my brother carry my suitcase.
• I got my brother to carry my suitcase.
• X makes Y do something (Simple form)
• X has Y do something (Simple form)
• X gets Y to do something (Infinitive)
Causative make is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an
infinitive. (Incorrect: She made him to clean his room). Make
gives the idea that “X” forces “Y” to do something.
• Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room.
• Sad movies make me cry.
Causative have is followed by the simple form of a verb, not a
infinitive (Incorrect: I had him to repair the leak). Have gives the
idea that “X” request “Y” to do something.
• I had the plumber repair the leak.
• Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.
Causative get is followed by an infinitive. Get gives the idea the
“X” persuades “Y” to do something.
• The students got the teacher to dismiss class early
• Sebastian got his friends to play soccer with him after school
The past participle is used after have and get to give
passive meaning. In this case, there is usually little or
no difference in meaning between have and get.
• I had my watch repaired (by someone).
• I got my watch repaired (by someone).