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Orthodox Judaism TORAH And Modern Orthodoxy Haredi Judaism Hasidic Judaism It comes directly from G-d and so cannot be changed. G-d Being Jewish is based on halahah (Jewish law). The 613 commandments include "positive commandments", to perform an act (mitzvot aseh), and "negative commandments", to abstain from certain acts (mitzvot lo taaseh). The negative commandments number 365, which coincides with the number of days in the solar year, and the positive commandments number 248, a number ascribed to the number of bones and main organs in the human body (Babylonian Talmud, Makkot 23b-24a). Conservative Judaism Reformed Judaism Masorti Judaism Liberal or Progressive Judaism Acts as a sort of middle position between Orthodox and Reform groups. Torah is the G-d-inspired attempt by Hebrews/Israelites/ Jews to understand their surroundings and their relationship with G-d. While it is a holy document, the Torah is rooted in the past, and we can even sometimes discern the circumstances under which certain sections were written down. *There is no such thing as divine intervention; Judaism is an evolving religious civilization. When Reform Jews relate to G-d, they do so on a more personal and less mechanistic level. The Torah was not inspired by G-d; it only comes from the social and historical development of Jewish people. An original, verbal revelation did occur in Sinai, but the text itself was composed by later authors. The latter, classified by Dorff as a relatively moderate metamorphosis of the old one, is still espoused by few traditionalist right-wing Conservative rabbis, though it is marginalized among senior leadership. Reconstructionist Judaism Zionism and aliyah (immigration to Israel) are encouraged. Reconstructionist Judaism is based on a democratic community where the laity can make decisions, not just rabbis. The classical view of G-d is rejected. G-d is redefined as the sum of natural powers or processes that allows mankind to gain selffulfillment and moral improvement. The idea that G-d chose the Jewish people for any purpose, in any way, is "morally untenable", because anyone who has such beliefs "implies the superiority of the elect community and the rejection of others." Moredcai Kaplan's philosophy that denied any form of revelation but viewed all scripture as a purely human product. Most Reconstructionists do not believe in revelation (the idea that God reveals his will to human beings). This is dismissed as supernaturalism. The Messiah The Messiah is a personal, superhuman being who is not divine. He will restore the Jewish kingdom and extend his righteous rule over the earth. He will execute judgement and right all wrongs. Similar to the Reformed theology. Instead of a belief in the Messiah being a single person or divine being, they favor the concept of a Utopian age toward which mankind is progressing. “Even though we say we are waiting, we are not waiting passively to be rescued. We are actively working to hasten the arrival of the messianic era by increasing justice and peace, by fighting oppression and human suffering. Our awareness of the unredeemed state of the world moves us to work to make things better. I believe that this is a major reason why so many Jewish people become social, political, and economic activists, why Jews in the USA vote more liberally than others in the same economic brackets. Our interest in helping the less fortunate derives from a vision of what the world redeemed looks like” – Rabbi Jacob Staub is Professor of Jewish Philosophy and Spirituality at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Wyncote, PA, where he directs the program in Jewish Spiritual Direction. Death and the Afterlife There will be a physical resurrection. The righteous will exist forever with God in the Garden of Eden. The unrighteous will suffer, but disagreement exists over their ultimate destiny. Tend towards the Reform view, but are less influenced by Eastern thought. Generally, reformed Judaism has no concept of personal life after death. They say a person lives on in the accomplishments or in the minds of others. There is some influence of Eastern thought, where souls merge into one great impersonal life force. Angels and Heavenly hosts are also a foreign superstitious influence, especially from early Zoroastrian sources, and denied. Rabbinic wisdom reminds us that it is improper and impious for us to serve God in the hope of receiving the reward of entering heaven (Avot 1:3). For most Jews, our ultimate concern rests on the legacy we leave behind -- the people whose lives we touched and, hopefully, changed for the better -- and not our possible enjoyment of heavenly bliss. As the people of God, our task is to enhance God's sacred presence by working for the material and spiritual betterment of our world which, according to the Kaddish prayer, was fashioned according to God's will.” - Rabbi Lewis Eron, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College Marriage Orthodox and Conservative streams do not accept as Jewish a person whose mother is not Jewish, nor a convert whose conversion was conducted under the authority of a more liberal stream. Congregations are beginning to describe gentile family members (spouses) as K'rov Yisrael (Kin of Israel) and be more open toward them. Conservative and Orthodox Judaism do not recognize civil law as overriding religious law, and thus do not view a civil divorce as sufficient. Thus, a man or woman may be considered divorced by the Reform Jewish community, but still married by the Conservative community. Those who are Ultra-Orthodox and are of marriageable age generally go through shadchunim, or matchmakers. Shadchanim can be professional matchmakers or make a match only once, but their responsibility is great. Divorce According to biblical law, a married couple is released from the bonds of matrimony only through the transmission of a bill of divorce from the husband to the wife. Without a get, no matter how long the couple is separated, and no matter how many civil documents they may have in their file cabinet, in the eyes of Jewish law Judaism has always accepted divorce as a fact of life, albeit an unfortunate one, and permits divorce for any reason, but discourages divorce. While opposed to interfaith marriage in principle, CCAR officials estimated in 2012 that about half of their rabbis partake in such ceremonies. 80% of all Reform-raised Jews in the United States wed between 2000 and 2013 were intermarried led to the recognition of patrilineal descent: all children born to a couple in which a single member was Jewish, whether mother or father, was accepted as a Jew on condition that they received corresponding education and committed themselves as such. Judaism has always accepted divorce as a fact of life, albeit an unfortunate one, and permits divorce for any reason, but discourages divorce. “Mixed Jewish/Non-Jewish couples are welcome in Reconstructionist congregations. In 2015 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making Reconstructionist Judaism the first type of Judaism to officially allow rabbis in relationships with non-Jewish partners. The Reconstructionist movement has instituted three types of get ceremonies for those seeking a Reconstructionist divorce. The first type is parallel to the traditional get, which the husband initiates and delivers to the wife. The second Reconstructionist get allows the wife to initiate and deliver it to her husband. The third option is a get that is mutually initiated by both partners the couple is still 100% married. The entire get procedure is performed in front of a beth din (rabbinical court consisting of three rabbis). Though technically only the presence of the husband, wife, and two witnesses is required to effect the divorce, practically, the get process is so complex that it cannot be done correctly unless done in the presence of experts in the field. In fact, rabbinic law automatically invalidates any get which was not written and transmitted in front of experts. Gender Separation of men and women in the synagogue. and delivered to each other with complete equality. These options are also available for gay and lesbian couples.- Reconstructionist Rabbinical College Men and women are allowed to sit together during the services. Women can be rabbis and cantors, and most of the services are in vernacular (everyday) languages. We have always been dedicated to being fully and consistently egalitarian. We pride ourselves in being the only movement that has always ordained women and the first Jewish community to hold a formal bat mitzvah ceremony in synagogue over 70 years ago. All our prayerbooks are gender neutral. In all areas of ritual, hiring and governance, our member communities must demonstrate a full commitment to egalitarian principles. Reconstructionist Rabbinical College In June 2012, the American branch of Conservative Judaism formally approved same-sex marriage ceremonies in a 13-0 vote Tolerance for LGBT and ordination of LGBT rabbis were also pioneered by this movement. The Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association (RRA) encourages its members to officiate at same-sex marriages, though it does not require it of them. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them LGBTQ Commun ity Traditionally, Judaism has understood homosexual male intercourse as contrary to Judaism, and this opinion is still maintained by Orthodox Judaism. JONAH is a Jewish ex-gay organization that focuses on "prevention, intervention, and healing of the underlying issues causing same-sex attractions." It is a world-wide organization, with the majority of its membership in the United States, Israel, Canada and Europe. It uses a variety of psycho-educational methods, including live support group meetings, Email list-serv groups, networking, therapy referrals, and experiential weekend programs. Intercourse between consenting adults was declared as legitimate by the Central Conference of American Rabbis in 1977, and openly gay clergy were admitted by the end of the 1980s. Same-sex marriage were sanctioned by the end of the following decade. In 2015 the URJ adopted a Resolution on the Rights of Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People, urging clergy and synagogue attendants to actively promote tolerance and inclusion of such individuals. We were the first movement to publicly address this issue in our 1988 report on homosexuality. In addition the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College was the first Jewish seminary to accept openly gay and lesbian students. We retain an unwavering commitment to forming inclusive communities, welcoming to gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered Jews as well as multicultural families, Jews of color, and other groups traditionally excluded from full participation in Jewish communal life. Material about gay and lesbian families is included in religious school curricula. Our rabbis are free to perform same-sex commitment or marriage ceremonies if it is their practice to do so. Reconstructionist Rabbinical College Conversi on Judaism does not seek out converts, and actively discourages converts (because a person does not need to be a Jew to be righteous in G-d's eyes), but conversion to Judaism is possible. Judaism does not seek out converts, and actively discourages converts (because a person does not need to be a Jew to be righteous in G-d's eyes), but conversion to Judaism is possible. Judaism does not seek out converts, and actively discourages converts (because a person does not need to be a Jew to be righteous in G-d's eyes), but conversion to Judaism is possible. Judaism does not seek out converts, and actively discourages converts (because a person does not need to be a Jew to be righteous in G-d's eyes), but conversion to Judaism is possible. *DIVORCE: Judaism recognized the concept of "no-fault" divorce thousands of years ago. Judaism generally maintains that it is better for a couple to divorce than to remain together in a state of constant bitterness and strife. Under Jewish law, a man can divorce a woman for any reason or no reason. The Talmud specifically says that a man can divorce a woman because she spoiled his dinner or simply because he finds another woman more attractive, and the woman's consent to the divorce is not required. In fact, Jewish law requires divorce in some circumstances: when the wife commits a sexual transgression, a man must divorce her, even if he is inclined to forgive her. This does not mean that Judaism takes divorce lightly. Many aspects of Jewish law discourage divorce. The procedural details involved in arranging a divorce are complex and exacting. Except in certain cases of misconduct by the wife, a man who divorces his wife is required to pay her substantial sums of money, as specified in the ketubah (marriage contract). In addition, Jewish law prohibits a man from remarrying his ex-wife after she has married another man. Kohanim cannot marry divorcees at all. *Messianic Judaism- Most Messianic Jews celebrate the Biblical holidays such as Passover, Shavuot (Pentecost), Rosh HaShanah (the traditional Jewish New Year, but actually the Feast of Trumpets), Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), Sukkot (the Feast of Tabernacles), Chanukkah (the Feast of Dedication) and Purim. We celebrate the holidays because it is written in the Torah for Israel to observe these festivals forever (Leviticus 23:21, 31, 41; Exodus 12:14). Yeshua observed these festivals, as did the early Messianic Jews and apostles such as Rabbi Paul (Acts 20:16, 27:9; 1 Corinthians 16:8). We also believe that when Messiah Yeshua returns to Earth, some of these holidays will be reestablished worldwide (Zechariah 14:11-21). As Messianic Jews celebrate the holidays, we do so with the understanding that Yeshua is the fulfillment of each of them. For example, He is our Passover Lamb, who died on Passover. He is the Firstfruits of the resurrection, who came back to life on the holiday of Firstfruits. He is our Atonement on Yom Kippur, etc.