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Ancient Civilizations Hinduism: A Way of Life Introductory Material Hinduism is the world’s It is also the third largest world religion; accounting for ~ Hinduism does NOT have a__________________ it’s roots lie in the tradition of the _________. Hinduism is complex, and sometimes contradictory and reveals the nature of life. Sacred Texts The Vedas ~ Contain eternal truths that were revealed to wise men during the Vedic Age. The Upanishads ~ Help to explain the ideas in the Vedas. Ramayana Mahabharata Is Hinduism Polytheistic? It appears polytheistic, but it is truly monistic or more accurately “henotheistic.” What does that mean? Monistic ~ Mind and matter are essentially the same. A parallel to this is the All the gods are merely different representations of __________________of the universe. Henotheism Henotheistic ~ . (Brahman) Brahman Brahman is the nameless, formless and unlimited basic divine essence that fills the world. This is not to be confused with BRAHMINS –. Overview of Hindu Gods/Goddesses There are __________________of Hindu gods/goddesses. We will focus on: 1. Brahma 2. Vishnu 3. Siva/Shiva 4. Ganesh 5. Hanuman Brahma His activity creates the cycle of light and dark throughout the day. In order to create the world and the human race, Brahma created a goddess out of himself. He is usually depicted with Also shown holding the Vishnu Embodiment of mercy and goodness. Preserves the universe and maintains cosmic order. He never Incarnations of Vishnu Vishnu is often depicted with four weapons. Most often there is a balance of good and evil in the world, but sometimes the demons get the upper hand. When this happens ~ Vishnu takes one of ______________________________(these are called avatars) to return to earth and re-set the balance. Siva (Shiva) He is also the god of change – which can be good. (Ex. Getting rid of bad habits.) Shiva often represented in ________________to represent the creation and destruction of universe and reveals the cycle of birth, death and re-birth Ganesh (Ganesha) Human form with head of an Large head symbolizes wisdom and understanding. Trunk ~ Strength Right Tusk ~ Left Tusk (broken) ~ Emotion One Hanuman God/protector of provider of courage, hope, knowledge , intellect and devotion. Shown holding a mace – sign of bravery. Also shown with tattoo of Rama and Sita to show his devotion to the couple. Atman Atman is the essence of an individual person. Each person’s atman (soul) is part of a larger, universal soul. (All humans are part of the same soul.) Because of this, atman and brahman. Maya The world known to our senses is Our . We can be delivered from suffering if we can identify maya. (The illusions.) Unfortunately this can take lifetimes. People suffer from pain and sorrow because they pursue false goals, material riches and personal pleasure. Role of Animals in Hinduism Cows are seen as sacred. They provide the power for the plow, food, fuel and fertilizer. V_______________________________ is not a requirement for Hinduism, but recommended as a “purifying lifestyle.” 50% of Hindus are vegetarian. Role of Animals in Hinduism Other animals also play a key role throughout Hinduism. As Hindus have a strong belief in the sacredness of all forms of life, many of their deities take the form of animals. Elephants Monkeys Turtles & fish Tigers Crocodiles Snakes Deer Sacredness of all life. . . Reincarnation Official name ~ “_____________________________” Refers to the rebirth of the soul, or when the soul enters the body of another being (either human or animal). This stresses the importance of respecting all life forms. GOAL ~ ____________________________~ Free the soul from the cycle of reincarnation & the soul can unite with Brahman. What determines what your soul will become in the “next” life? Dharma Karma Dharma The fulfillment of one’s moral DUTY in this life so that the soul can make progress toward moksha in the next life. refer to: Obedience to. Offer hope of a better life in the future. Encourage Hindus to behave morally. Karma Comes from the Sanskrit word for “___________” Good deeds bring you happiness;. A person’s present situation is a result of deeds or misdeeds done in a past existence. How does KARMA work? People who fulfill their dharma are rewarded with good karma and are If you don’t live a moral life, you will be reborn into a lower social group, or potentially animals or insects. The Goals of a Good Hindu: 1. Fulfill your 2. Be rewarded with 3. End cycle of 4. Attain salvation. 5. Enable your soul to reunite with the universal spirit, Brahman. This would be ____________. What is an “AVATAR?” An avatar is an This is seen in Hinduism as gods that will often take on human forms. YOGA! Physical and mental discipline Goal is to shut out the illusionary world of maya and free the mind of bodily concerns. The Bindi The bindi is a colored dot. (Sanskrit for dot or point.) It is a It symbolizes the It is generally worn by women, with black representing that you are single, and red that you are married. Nowadays, any color is accepted and is sometimes simply matched to clothing to be fashionable. Why is the Ganges sacred? Ganges is believed to be “life-giving” water. Bathing in its water washes away sin. To die along the banks assures eternal peace to the soul. Funeral Rituals For married persons, cremation is the norm. Usually cremated on the bank of a river and the ashes are deposited in the river. Family members remain in the home for 10 days (the length of time it takes for the soul of the deceased to acquire a new body). Hindu Temples Called “ ” in Sanskrit. Usually are dedicated to one primary deity and any other subordinate deities. Interior of Temples The interior is highly. to the Hindu gods are prominently displayed. This is a house of worship, prayer and meditation. Hinduism and the Swastika The It represents the creator god,. It points in all 4 cardinal directions: N,S,E,W representing stability and It is used as a decoration for religious purposes. It can be used to decorate temples, signs, altars. The use of the swastika by Nazi subverted the original intent of it by the ancient Hindus almost 5,000 years before Nazism even existed.