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Action Verbs -Action verb is a verb that expresses action, a verb that we can act. dance, sing, bully, study, read……… -A subject contains the noun or the pronoun, and a complete predicate contains the verb. -When to keep the verb and when to use the 4 spelling rules ( s, es, ies, s) 1. Singular noun or pronoun ( he, she, it) __________ 4 rules 2. Plural noun or pronoun (we, you, they) and (I ) ___________ keep the verb Examples: -I sleep in my bed. Sleep=action verb, sleep in my bed=complete predicate -My brother (he) plays football. plays=action verb, plays football=complete predicate -Amina (she) teaches English. teaches=action verb, teaches English=complete predicate -The bird (it) flies in the sky. flies=action verb, flies in the sky=complete predicate -My friends (they) hurry to class. hurry=action verb, hurry to class=complete predicate Verb to be Verb to be is a special verb that tells us what or where the subject is. Forms of verb to be: Pronoun I He, She, It We, You, They Singular : I, he, she, it Present am is are Past was was were Plural : we, you, they Examples: I (am/was) happy. _________ tells what the subject is. Amal (is/was) at the park. ________ tells where the subject is. You (are/were) in bed. ___________ tells where the subject is. We (are, were) tired. _____________tells what the subject is. My friends (are/were) good students. ________tells what the subject is. 1 Main and Helping Verbs Action verbs are also called main verbs. Helping verb: It helps the main verb in the sentence. So, helping verb must be before a main verb. Example: There are 23 helping verbs: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, be, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must ,can ,could. Examples: I play in the playground. Play= action verb=main verb I am playing in the playground. Am= helping verb, playing = main verb 2 Present, Past and Future Tense Verbs Tense = The time when the verb happens Present tense verbs: The verb happens regularly Example: learns brushes studies plays Subject-verb agreement: The subject and the verb must agree together, subject and verb are both singular or subject and verb are both plural. Examples: We sleep early. She studies hard. It is hot. They are swimming. Future tense verbs: The verb will happen We always add will before the verb. Example: will eat will jump will study will behave will hurry Past tense verbs: The verb happened before 5 spelling rules: 1. Normal verb _____________add (ed) 2. Drop the (e) rule: A verb ending with (e), we drop the (e) before adding the –ed Remove _____ removed bake _______baked scare ______ scared 3. Consonant +y rule: A verb ending with (Y), we drop the (Y) and add (I) before adding –ed Hurry _____hurried carry ______ carried 4. Vowel +Y rule: Play ______played stay________stayed 5. Doubling rule: A verb ending with a consonant and the letter before it is a vowel, we double the consonant before adding –ed Hop _____hopped shop ______shopped grin ____grinned drag ____dragged 3 Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs in the past tense do not end with –ed. These are the most common irregular verbs: Verb say make go take come see know throw draw think teach bring buy find give tell begin write stand meet run pay lay lie send spend wear choose rise am, is, are have, has do, does break speak eat Past said made went took came saw knew threw drew thought taught brought bought found gave told began wrote stood met ran paid laid lay sent spent wore chose rose was, were had did broke spoke ate 4 Adverbs Adverbs describe verbs. Adverbs say how, when and where an action is done. Adverbs sometimes end with the suffix –ly Adverbs can be used to compare between two or more actions. -When we compare between two verbs we add (ER) and we always find the word (than) after the adverb. -She grows faster (than) her friend. -When we compare between more than two adverbs we add (EST) and we always find the word (the) before the adverb. Ahmed answers (the) fastest in class. -When we have an adverb that ends with (Y) we remove the (Y) and add (I) before adding (er, est) This dog looks (the) happiest dog I have ever seen. -We use (more) and (most) when comparing longer adverbs. Examples: We play loudly. (how) Tomorrow, we will travel. (when) The restaurant is here. (where) The mouse runs faster than the elephant. (how) The rabbit races more quickly than the turtle. (how) 5 Contractions Contractions are short form of 2 words. Contractions join the words by dropping letters and replacing them with an apostrophe. Subject pronoun contractions I am ----- drop (a) You are ---- drop (a) He is, she is, it, is ---- drop(i) We are ----- drop(a) They are ----- drop(a) I have, you have, we have, they have ----- (drop ha) Negative verb contractions Join subject pronoun and a verb I’m You’re He’s, she’s, it’s We’re They’re I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve Join verb and the word (not) by dropping the (O) Don’t, doesn’t, didn’t Haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t Couldn’t, can’t, shouldn’t,… Do not, does not, did not Have not, has not, had not Could not cannot, should not,….. One sentence + One negative rule Each sentence can have only one negative. ( no, not, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never) are all negative forms Example: He doesn’t have no money. ------------------- He doesn’t have any money. I don’t see no dogs. I don’t see any dogs. ------------------ Punctuation Capital Letters: We use capital letters at the beginning of the sentence, proper names, event, places, days, months, titles of books, songs, movies, magazines and newspapers. Hassan Amani Valentine’s Day Monday Row, Row, Row, Your Boat 6 March Harry Potter Commas: We use commas to separate a series of names, actions, and to separate two simple sentences joined together with the joining word “and-or- but” - My friend is nice. - My friends are Hani, Yassin, and Mohamed. - I must eat, study, and sleep early. - We can go to the movies, or to the theatre. Titles of books, magazines, and newspapers are underlined. -I read the book Harry Potter three times. Titles of songs, poems, nonfiction stories, chapter of a book , and a column in a newspaper are placed between quotation marks (“ ”) - The song “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star ” is my favorite song. 7