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Ancient Persia 4-3 I. Persian Empire A. Modern-day Iran B. Cyrus the Great united Persians (P) into one kingdom C. Cyrus takes over Mesopotamia, Asia minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenicia, Egypt, western India D. Darius takes Persian throne after Cyrus 1. Reorganized government to make it more manageable a. 20 satrapies - provinces b. Each province ruled by a satrap – “protector of the kingdom” c. Satraps acted as tax collector, judge, chief of police, and army recruiter E. Full-time army w/horse soldiers F. P religion was Zoroastrianism 1. Founded by Zoroaster – one god, freedom to choose good or evil, good will win Persian Empire Persian Army The Persian Wars I. Marathon A. Retaliation for Greek support of colonies’ rebellion against Persia B. Persians (P): 20,000 soldiers on plain of Marathon – Athenians: 10,000 soldiers C. Persians wait for Athenians to attack/advance, but become impatient D. Persians decide to load troops back on ships (cavalry 1st) and attack from another side E. Athenians attack and defeat Persians as they are loading ships F. Pheidippides runs 25+ miles to bring news of victory – “Marathon” II Thermopylae A. B. C. D. Persians under Xerxes attack w/180,000 troops Sparta (Leonidas) and Athens (Themistocles) join forces Themistocles decides they should cut off Persian navy supply Greeks need to stall the Persians to give the Athenian navy time to get into position. E. Thermopylae is a narrow mountain pass where they can slow the Persians F. Leonidas holds Persians off for 2 days – betrayed by a soldier and conquered G. Gave Athens enough time to get navy in position Marathon (490 B.C.) Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on plain of Marathon Persians waited for days for Athenians to advance. Persians grew tired of waiting and loaded cavalry on ships first. Greeks attacked when cavalry was out of range & caught Persian foot soldiers in water. Greeks Win! Pheidippides raced nearly 25 miles to Athens to declare victory & died! Thermopylae (486 B.C.) King of Persia dies & son Xerxes takes over. He wants revenge on Athens. Athens joins Sparta to defend themselves . Thermopyla e was a narrow pass through Mtns. 7,000 Greek soldiers held off Persia for 2 days. A Greek traitor helped the Persians win! Around 300 Spartans stayed and fought to death, giving Athens time to defend itself! Thermopylae Salamis Xerxes wanted to punish Greeks for his father, Darius a Greeks tricked Persians to the strait of Salamis Greeks win navel battle Persians march into Athens and burn it to the ground! Salamis Platae (479 B.C.) Greeks formed largest army ever assembled! Athens crushes the Persians! Persians give up and go home! END OF PERSIAN WARS! The Persian Wars 2 III. Salamis A. Greeks navy attacks Persian navy after Thermopylae at a strait near Athens B. Greek ships were more maneuverable and they defeat the Persian navy C. Athens left undefended though and sacked by Persian Army. IV. Plataea A. City-states join together to assemble largest Greek Army ever. (110,000) B. Greeks defeat Persians at Plataea, NW of Athens C. Defeated Persians return to Asia A modern replica of the small Greek ship used during the Persian War known as a triremes. Persian ships were larger and more difficult to maneuver through the narrow strait of Salamis than Greek ships. Pictures of the Battle of Salamis. Greek ships were used to ram Persian ships in effort to sink them. Decline of Persia I. Persian army weakened by Greeks II. Darius and Xerxes had raised taxes to get more wealth A. Spent wealth on their own luxury I. High taxes angered subjects II. Persian royal family fought over who would be king III. Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 334 B.C. Athenian Empire I. The Delian League A. Members promised to defend against any Persian invasion B. Headquartered in Delos C. Athens takes leadership and gains control over other city-states II. Athens became a direct democracy A. Citizens gathered in mass meetings to vote on issues 1. Relatively small # of citizens made this possible a. 43,000 men made up assembly, fewer than 6000 voted B. The United States = representative republic III. Pericles A. Athenian general helped Greece dominate Delian League 1. Treated other CS like subjects B. Made Athens more democratic in some ways 1. Allowed lower class male citizens to be elected to public office 2. Emphasized philosophy, arts, and culture - “GOLDEN AGE OF PERICLES” 3. Constructed beautiful public buildings IV. Athenian Economy A. most Athenians farmed, but couldn’t grow enough food for population Athenian Empire 2 IV. Athenian Economy A. most Athenians farmed, but couldn’t grow enough food for population B. Became trading center of Greek world, because of need to trade for food V. Peloponnesian War A. Athens vs. Sparta B. Pericles’ Funeral Oration – public funeral for those who died in battle 1. Pericles reminds the Athenians of their power and greatness as a democracy 2. Encouraged people to keep on fighting C. Pericles has Athenians all come inside city walls 1. Sparta had no navy, so Athens can still receive supplies 2. Disease spreads through Athens – 1/3 of people died including Pericles 3. Sparta borrows money from Persia to build a navy & destroys Athenian navy 4. Athens surrenders VI. Sparta rules city-states for thirty years, but loses control