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WHAP Review: Unit 3
Postclassical Civilization
600 CE – 1450 CE
What did NOT happen during
this era
 Eastern and Western Hemispheres were NOT joined.
 New innovations were NOT numerous but existing
technologies were diffused.
 NO dominant political form.
 Little change in social structure – still slavery, lack of
women’s rights, wealth based on land.
The Big Picture
1. Belief systems as unifying forces.
2. “Civilization” spreads to many parts of the globe.
3. Increased interdependence of numerous societies
(trade and communication networks are solidified)
Rise of Islam
 Muhammad (570-632CE)
 Successors (“Rightly Guided Caliphs”)
 Abu Bakr – organized Muhammad’s revelations into the
Qur’an
 Expansion of the Islamic empire across the Middle East
 Ali – cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad
 Assassinated – factional war
 Shi’ites support Ali and his descendants (minority – most
support the Umayyads)
Islamic Empires (Caliphates)
Political
Umayyad Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate
Founded by Muawiya (successor to Ali)
Formed from the rebels that overthrew
Umayyads
Military advance – stopped in Europe at Battle of
Tours (Franks - Charles Martel)
Bureaucracy run by vizier with emirs in
each province
Exclusion of Arabs > rebellion
Seljuk Turks became influential and
took over control – quarreled with other
Turkish groups – conquered by Mongols
Economic
Religious
Sunni; “People of the Book” treated well (except
taxes)
Opened Islam to all – universalizing
religion
Social
Segregated Arabs and non-Arabs
Cosmopolitan mix of cultures
Intellectual
“Golden Age of Islamic Civilization”;
shari’a; madrasas (preserving Greek,
Roman, and Indian knowledge)
Artistic
1001 Nights
Near
(Geography)
Capital: Damascus (Syria)
Capital: Baghdad (Iraq0
Medieval Europe
Political
1. Early Middle Ages
2. High Middle Ages (towns grow, trade established, etc.)
Franks unite Europe – Charlemagne – Holy Roman Empire
Rise of Kingdoms – Hundred Years’ War
Economic
Manorialism, barter system, Hanseatic League (cities trading),
guilds
Religious
Supremacy of the Christian Church, Crusades
Social
Feudalism
Intellectual
Magna Carta (England),
Artistic
Vernacular languages (Dante, Chaucer)
Near
(Geography)
Feudal towns > weak kingdoms > strong kingdoms
(Church powerful > Church weakening)
Byzantine Empire
Political
Precedent: Constantine (divine favor for emperor)
Justinian
1. Expanded empire
2. Glorified Constantinople
3. Codified laws
4. Had an awesome wife (Theodora)
Economic
Constantinople = center of trade (also open to attack)
Religious
caesaropapism, Eastern Orthodox Church
Social
Women’s situation deteriorates (except for empresses)
Intellectual
Greek replaces Latin, preservation of Greek and Roman works
Artistic
Hagia Sophia
Near
(Geography)
Turkey, allied with Russian Kiev (spread Eastern Christianity)
Americas
Political
Maya
Aztec (a.k.a. Mexica)
Inca
Kings were also priests
Rose through military
might
Ruler (“Inca”) was a god
Conquered by Cortes
Economic
slash-and-burn
(shifting) agriculture
chinampas (floating
gardens), tribute
system
Religious
Pyramid temples
Human sacrifice
Social
Ball courts, clear social
classes
Intellectual
Calendar, few written
records
Artistic
Stelae
Near
(Geography)
Yucatan Peninsula,
capital: Teotihuacan
mit’a system
khipu (recordkeeping)
Mexico/Central America,
capital: Tenochtitlan
South America (Peru);
capital: Cuzco
China
Political
Tang
Song
Reinforcement of bureaucracy
1 of 3 warring states (weaker than
Tang)
Weakened military (to avoid
overthrow, but also made their
dynasty weak)
Economic
equal field system (restricted
land inheritance)
Religious
Buddhism influenced culture
Social
Leadership descended from Turks; Scholar-gentry; neokowtow to emperor; Wu Zhao
Confucianism (reaction against
(only female emperor)
Buddhism); foot binding
Intellectual
Scholar-gentry/poets, gunpowder
Artistic
Near (Geography)
Repaired Great Wall; tribute from
Silla (Korea)
champa rice > population growth
Paper making, printing, paper
money
East Asia
Political
Korea
Japan
1.
1.
2.
Silla Dynasty (668-800s)
Chinese (Tang) overlord)
No civil service exam
3.
4.
Rules by clans
Heian Era – Emperor with Fujiwara
family ruling behind the scenes
Struggle between warrior clans
Minamoto install shogun who rules
“in the name of the emperor”
(bakufu)
Economic
Tributary state – opened door for
merchants to China
Feudalism
Religious
Buddhism over Confucianism
Shintoism
Social
Small aristocratic elite
Samurai
Intellectual
Movable type (before China?)
Artistic
Near (Geography)
The Tale of Genji (court life)
Mongols
Political
Genghis Khan
Khanate of…
1. the Great Khan (Mongolia and China – Yuan Dynasty)
2. Jagadai (central Asia) the Golden Horde (Russia)
3. Il-Khan (Middle East)
Fall: split along ethnic lines, assimilation, feuding khans
Economic
Controlled Silk Road trade, nomadic (eventually settled in conquered
territory); Pax Mongolica
Religious
Social
Skilled horsemen with short bows
Intellectual
No written language of their own; adopted conquered languages
Artistic
Near
(Geography)
Mongolia > conquered most of Eurasia; Trade routes > Black Death
Mongol Impact
Middle East
Timur (Turkish Mongol from Jagadai) conquers the Il-Khan
and opens door for more Turkish migrations, including Osman
(founder of Ottoman Turks) – Turks will eventually conquer
Middle East and set up the Ottoman Empire.
Russia
Declining Kiev and decentralized rule are easily defeated by
the Mongols; Russian princes are vassals to the Khan of the
Golden Horde; peasants seek protection from nobility and
become serfs (like after the fall of Rome); Pax Mongolica
increases trade to Russia; Mongols decline and Russian
princes step up and set up the rule of tsars.
China
Conquer the Song Dynasty and set up the Yuan (under Kublai
Khan); Mongols are the top officials; dismantled Confucian
exam system; favored merchant class and scientists
(especially doctors); Chinese and Mongols rigidly segregated
to keep Mongol power; cosmopolitan court welcomed
foreigners (Marco Polo); scholar-gentry led a revolution > Ming
Dynasty
Africa
 Northwest Africa: Ghana > Mali
(Mansa Musa) > Songhay
 Gold-salt trade
 Eastern Coast: Swahili States
 Indian Ocean trade
 South Central: Great Zimbabwe
 Gold mining
 East Inland: Ethiopia
 Christian trading center – loses
trade connections when it retreats
from Islam
 Rest: stateless societies
India – Delhi Sultanate
Political
1. Gupta Empire had disintegrated > fragmented regional kingdoms
2. Afghan warlords invade and bring Islam, setting up the Delhi
Sultanate
Rulers = sultans (Persian/Afghan/Turkic descent)
Large armies, bureaucracies, and extravagant courts
Economic
Merchants spread Islam around Asia
Religious
Tolerance; Sufism grows (mix of Islam and Hinduism); Hinduism still
largest religion
Social
Separation between Muslims and Hindus
Intellectual
Artistic
Near
(Geography)
Long Distance Trade and
Travel
 Famous travelers
 Marco Polo: Visited Kublai Khan’s court in the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty)
 Ibn Battuta: Traveled the Muslim world in north Africa
 Motivations for long-distance travel
 Trading
 Political diplomacy (ex: European knights protecting Byzantine Empire)
 Missionaries for Islam and Christianity
 Consequences of long-distance travel
 Technological and agricultural diffusion (China: compass, gunpowder, rice;
Muslims: sugar, etc.)
 Spread of disease
 Demographic changes (rise of cities along trade routes, decline of nomadic
groups)
CCOT: Medieval Europe
 Change
 Political – rising power of kings
 Social – slow decline of feudalism
 Economic – growth of trade (Hanseatic League, etc.),
slow decline of manorialism
 Continuity
 Religion – continued importance of the Church
 Intellectual – little intellectual change, little growth in
literacy (very end – vernacular languages – but we don’t
see a rise in literacy until the next time period)
 Artistic – most art centered around the Church (won’t
change until the Renaissance next time period)
Compare and Contrast: Medieval
Europe & Byzantine Empire
 Similarities
 Religious: importance of Christianity
 Historic: both considered inheritors of the Roman Empire
 Differences
 Political
 Separation of Church and State in Europe; decentralized power
(multiple kingdoms)
 Caesaropapism in Byzantine
 Economic:
 Decline of trade in early Middle Ages, manorialism
 Consistent trade in Byzantine
Compare & Contrast: Influence of Mongols
in East Asia and Middle East
 Similarities
 Military conquest by the Mongols
 Mongols assimilate into new culture
 Reignited Silk Road trade that made both societies very
wealthy
 Differences
 China: Mongols retain clear control (Yuan Dynasty) and
subjugate the non-Mongols; overthrown (Qing Dynasty)
 Middle East: Mongols incorporate themselves into the existing
governments and eventually assimilate into Islamic culture
Compare & Contrast:
Medieval Europe and Asia
 Similarities
 Feudalism in both Europe and Japan
 Religion is the glue that unites each population




Europe/Byzantine = Christianity
Caliphates and Middle East = Islam
China = Confucianism
Japan = Shintoism
 Differences
 Economic – trade in Asia, little in Europe
 Political – highly advanced political forms in Asia, weak
kingdoms in Europe
 Intellectual – preservation of ancient knowledge in Asia,
intellectual regression in Europe