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Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Lab 2:
Blood Pathologies
Heart Anatomy
Activity 1
Blood Pathologies
Observe prepared slides of blood smears taken from
patients with the following disorders:
pernicious anemia
iron deficiency anemia
sickle cell anemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
eosinophilia
Anemia refers to any condition in which there is a
reduction in the number of RBCs or a reduction in the
concentration of normal hemoglobin
Anemia can be classified according to etiology (cause) or on the basis
of morphology –
For morphological classification, the following
terms are used:
RBC Size
Microcytic:
RBC Color
small size
Hypochromic:
pale color
Normocytic: normal size
Normochormic: normal color
Macrocytic: large size
Hyperchromic: dark color
Pernicious Anemia:
caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
A. Can be either macrocytic, hyperchromic or macrocytic, normochromic
B. Note the enlarged, dark red blood cells, and the hypersegmented
neutrophil in this smear
Iron Deficiency Anemia
caused by iron insufficiency leading to decreased
hemoglobin synthesis
A. Is an example of microcytic,
hypochromic anemia
B. Note the small erythrocytes of
varying sizes and the large area
of central pallor
Sickle Cell Anemia:
caused by a single amino acid substitution in the
β chain of hemoglobin (valine replaces glutamic acid)
A. This is a normochromic, normocytic anemia
B. Note the sickle shaped erythrocytes.
Disorders Related to Leukocytes:
I. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
caused by malignant lymphocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow
A. Note the abundant small lymphocytes in this blood smear
B. The lymphocyte nucleus may have a small indentation, or cleft
II.Eosinophilia
many causes, including malignancy, connective tissue diseases,
parasitic diseases, allergies; in some cases, no known cause
Note the two normal looking eosinophils in the field
Objective 2
Human Heart Anatomy
The heart has an apex and a base:
Base
Apex
The heart is surrounded by a pericardium:
Human Heart In the Thorax
Surrounded by the pericardium
Pericardial Sac Cut Open
The wall of the heart consists of three tissue layers:
1.
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
2.
Myocardium
3.
Endocardium
Structures Visible On the Anterior Surface/Associated Vessels:
Brachiocephalic
Artery
Superior Vena Cava
Right Pulmonary
Veins
Right Auricle
Pulmonary Trunk
Inferior Vena Cava
Left Common
Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian
Artery
Aortic Arch
Left Pulmonary
Veins
Left Auricle
Anterior
Interventricular
Sulcus
Structures Visible on The Posterior Surface:
Aorta
Pulmonary
Veins
Coronary Sinus
Superior Vena
Cava
Pulmonary
Arteries
Inferior Vena
Cava
Posterior
Interventricular
Sulcus
The Heart Has Four Chambers:
Interatrial Septum:
lies between the atria
Interventricular Septum: lies between the ventricles
Internal Structures of the Heart
Pectinate
Muscle
Bicuspid Valve
Fossa Ovalis
Tricuspid Valve
Chordae
Tendineae
Papillary
Muscles
Semilunar
Valves
Trabeculae
Carneae
Interventricular
Septum
These two Structures of the Adult Heart Are Remnants of Fetal
Circulation:
Ligamentum
Arteriosum
Fossa Ovalis
The heart receives its own branch of systemic circulation – there vessels
collectively are called coronary circulation
Arteries
Veins
A Sectioned Preserved
Human Heart:
1. Interatrial septum
2. Right atrium
3. Left atrium
4. Interventricular septum’
5. Right ventricle
6. Left ventricle
9. Pulmonary trunk
Frontal Section: anterior view of posterior section
Sheep’s Heart Dissection:
note the thickness of the right ventricular and left
ventricular walls
Frontal section: posterior view of anterior section
Cardiac Muscle in found in the myocardium:
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle
Location
Structure
Function
heart wall
cells (myocytes) are faintly
striated and branching
with one (or two)
centrally placed nuclei
provide pressure
for the circulation
of blood
cells are connected by
intercalated discs
(gap junctions/desmosomes)
Intercalated Disc
Nuclei
Skeletal Muscle
Location
Structure
Function
Attached to the
skeleton
long, thin cells (fibers) are
striated and multinucleated,
nuclei are in the periphery
of the cell
posture, movement
stabilizes joints
nucleus