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Early Childhood Ages 3-5 Physical Development • By the end of this stage, children’s body proportions are similar to those of an adult. • Children are often in motion. • Gross-motor skills are refined. • Putting simple puzzles together is a good activity for building hand and eye coordination. • As young children develop their fine-motor skills, the preference for handedness becomes more apparent. • Because young children are so physically active, good nutrition, or fuel, is essential. Physical Development (cont.) • MyPlate helps people make healthful food choices. MyPlate divides foods into five food groups – fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins and dairy. Physical Development (cont.) • As children expand their food preferences, caregivers need to be concerned about food intolerances and food allergies. Read food labels to avoid foods that may trigger intolerances of allergies and remove foods from diet. • Test your knowledge: Which of these snacks do you think a child with a soy allergy could consume? Both, neither, goldfish only or wheat thins only? Physical Development (cont.) • Goldfish ingredients – is the safe one • Unbleached Enriched Wheat Flour [Flour, Niacin, Reduced Iron, Thiamin Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Folic Acid],,Cornstarch,Cheddar Cheese [(Pasteurized Cultures Milk, Salt, Enzymes), Annatto], • Wheat thins ingredients • WHOLE GRAIN WHEAT FLOUR, SOYBEAN OIL, SUGAR, CORNSTARCH, MALT SYRUP(FROM CORN AND BARLEY), SALT, REFINER'S SYRUP, LEAVENING (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND/OR BAKING SODA), VEGETABLE COLOR (TURMERIC OLEORESIN,ANNATTO EXTRACT). Physical Development (cont.) • Physical activity and play are important to a child’s physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development. Play is the main job of young children. • On average, preschools need between 11 to 13 hours of sleep each night and about one nap per day. Regular sleep routine is important to ensure the preschooler is getting enough sleep. • The progress of toilet learning varies. Enuresis or difficulty in controlling bathroom habits overnight is common and improves over time. • Dental, immunizations and medical examinations continue Cognitive Development • Throughout early childhood, children seek rational answers to explain what they know through observation and experience. • Piaget called this phase the preoperational stage of thinking as it represents a time when children’s use of symbolic and logical thinking grows. • Children continue to explore their world, learning more and more as they organized their experiences. • The preoperational stage is marked by three characteristics: • Centration (to focus on only one aspect of the situation) • Lack of conservation (realizing that something can have the same properties even if it appears differently) • Egocentrism(regarding the self as the center of all things. Cognitive Development • Vygotsky believed that children learn what they know through social interaction. • Parents and caregivers should provide as many opportunities for creative and imaginative play as possible. • As the brain develops, there are windows of opportunity for optimizing the development of critical. • Providing children with rich experiences and activities will stimulate brain development. • Language is an important part of cognitive development. • Children can focus on their inward thoughts often referred to as metacognition (awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes). • Children think about what they remember or metamemory (a type of metacognition, is both the introspective knowledge of one's own memory capabilities (and strategies that can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring). Cognitive Development (cont.) • Typically, young children learn phonology, followed by morphology, syntax, semantics, and then pragmatics. • Phonology refers to the sounds that make up words. • Morphology includes word structures and formation. • Syntax refers to sentence structure, or when words are combined to form grammatical sentences. • Semantic refers to the meaning of words. • Pragmatics refers to using language properly. • Humor can be used positively as a form of self-expression and language development. Social-Emotional • Learning what is considered culturally right or wrong. • Younger children respond to rewards and punishments instead of making moral decisions. • They are in Kohlberg’s first level of moral development, or preconventional morality. • http://learn360.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=77334&tScript =0 Socio-emotional (cont.) • • • • • • • • In their eagerness to do a task independently, children often fail. This failure can cause guilt, lowering their self-esteem. Erikson called this stage of socio-emotional development initiative vs. guilt. Giving choices and encouraging children to practice decision making is part of the democratic parenting style. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzCNLu_aLI8 An authoritarian parenting style tends to be controlling and corrective. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqwDhzGmnHU A permissive parenting style tend to let children control situation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxp5diX7ucA Guidance and discipline are used to redirect children into a safe or socially acceptable manner. Understanding preschooler’s concerns can help adults address the cause of the preschooler’s emotions. Socio-emotional (cont.) • Often, 3-year-old use functional play (Any repetitive action that the child finds enjoyable. Examples are throwing objects, opening and closing things, stacking blocks and then knocking them over. ) • By age 4, they begin more constructive play (When children manipulate their environment to create things. Examples include playing in the sand, and draw sidewalk murals with chalk.) • Children more from associative play (A form of play in which a group of children participate in similar or identical activities without formal organization.) to cooperative play (Play concerned with solving a problem by working together to achieve a common goal.) Socio-emotional (cont.) • By 3 years of age, most children identify their gender. • Gender identity is a child’s sense of about being a girl or a boy. • Gender roles are expectations about how boys or girls should act, how they should fee, and what should be of interest to them Special Needs • During preschool years, special needs become more evident • Most elementary schools have screening tests for preschoolers to detect special needs. • Although screening is usually a formal or standardized procedure, informal observation is equally important. • The best person to informal observe a child is the the caregiver. • One behavioral disorder that can become evident during preschool is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. • ADHA doesn’t not have a cure, but can be treated with therapy. Special Needs (cont.) • One behavioral disorder that can become evident during preschool is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. • ADHD doesn’t not have a cure, but can be treated with therapy. • Another common disability that apparent by early childhood is autism. • Autism disorders often affect a child’s ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally. School Readiness • Important social skills that help a young child prepare for later school years include: • • • • Learning to share Following simple instructions Verbalizing thought and needs Interacting with other children School Readiness (cont.) • Appropriate physical development as gross-and fine-motor skills • Socially, motor skills help a child to fit in with his or her peers. • Cognitively, motor development is related to learning.