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Five Major Approaches in Psychology Cognitive Psycho-analytic or Psycho-dynamic (EG Freud) Case-study (Clinical method) Behaviorist or Stimulus-Response (EG Skinner) Experiment (Animals and Humans) Humanistic – Existential (EG Maslow) Case study Neuro-Biological or Psycho-biological or Biogenic Experiment (Animals and Humans) Emotional disturbance or neurosis caused by unresolved conflicts stemming from childhood. Abnormal behavior is symptomatic of such conflicts. Main feature is anxiety. The learning of maladaptive responses or the failure to learn adaptive ones in the first place. No distinction between symptoms and the behavior disorder. Inability to accept and express one’s true nature, to take responsibility for one’s own actions and to make authentic choices. Anxiety stems from denying part of self. Referred to as identity crisis or ontological insecurity. Genetic disorders, organic (bodily) disorders (e.g. brain disease or injury), chemical imbalance, food, allergies, MENTAL ILLNESS gives rise to behavioral and psychological symptoms. Preferred method(s) of treatment Insight-oriented psychotherapy (eg psychoanalysis). The unconscious is revealed through dream interpretation freeassociation, transference. Behavior therapy or modification. Eg systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, flooding, behavior shaping, token economy. Client-centered therapy; insights come from the client as present experiences are explored with the therapist. Physical treatments. Eg chemotherapy (drugs), electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.). psychosurgery. Eg cognitive behavior therapy, rational emotive therapy. Zen meditation and behavioral selfcontrol. Goals of treatment To uncover and work through unconscious conflicts to make them conscious. To achieve reasonable balance between id, ego and superego. To eliminate maladaptive responses and to acquire adaptive ones. To rediscover the Whole self which can then To alleviate symptoms and/ or to actually reverse the underlying cause(s) of the illness. To correct these unrealistic irrational ideas and beliefs so that thinking becomes an effective means of controlling behavior. Preferred methods(s) of study Major cause(s) of abnormal behavior proceed towards selfactualization. Experiment (Mainly humans and Artificial intelligence) Unrealistic or irrational ideas and beliefs about self and others, inability to monitor or control behavior through appropriate cognitive processes. Five Major Approaches in Psychology HumanisticExistential (Eg Maslow) Neuro-Biological or Biogenic Psycho-Analytic or Psycho-Dynamic (Eg Freud) Behaviorist or Stimulus-Response (Eg Skinner) Nature of human beings Individual is in conflict due to opposing demands made by different parts of the personality –ID. EGO. SUPEREGO. Behavior is largely determined by unconscious forces. The individual is unique, free, rational and selfdetermining. Free-will and self actualization makes human beings distinct from animals. Present experience is as important as past experience. Behavior is determined by genetic physiological and neurobiological factors and processes. The influence of the central nervous system (especially the brain) is crucial. Nature of psychological normality Adequate balance between id, ego, superego. But conflict is always present to some degree. Human behavior is shaped by environmental forces (REINFORCEMENT) and is a collection of learned responses to external stimuli. The key learning process is conditioning (classical and operant). Possession of an adequately large repertoire of adaptive responses. Ability to accept oneself, to realize one’s potential, to achieve intimacy with others, to find meaning in life. Properly functioning nervous system. None as such. No stages of development. Different behavior is selectively reinforced at different ages but the differences between a child and an adult are merely QUANTITATIVE. Development of selfconcept, in particular selfregard (self-esteem). Satisfaction of lower-level needs as prerequisite for high-level (growth) needs. Stages of behavioral/ psychological development based on changes in brain growth, which are genetically determined (ie maturation). Nature of psychological development PSYCHOSEXUAL stages: oral (0-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-5/6) Latency (5/6-puberty) Genital (pubertymaturity) Sequences determined by maturation. The individual is shaped by early childhood experiences. Source: R.D. Gross. Psychology, The Science of Mind and Behavior, Hodden & Stoughton, 1992 Cognitive The human mind is compared to a computer. People are INFORMATIONPROCESSORS, selecting information, coding it, storing and retrieving it when needed. Memory, perception and language are central. Proper functioning of cognitive processes and the ability to use them to monitor and control behavior. • Stages of Cognitive Development (eg Piaget): sensorimotor (0-2): Pre-operational (27);concrete operational (7-11); formal operational (11-15) • Information-Processing approach- development of memory, perception, language, attention, etc.