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Transcript
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION BY G.K.VINAYAGAM K.V,DHARWAD CHEMICAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION Endocrine glands lack ducts and are called ductless glands.Their secretions are called hormones. HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Parathyroid gland It includes Thymus gland and Gonads HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Parathyroid gland It includes Thymus gland and Gonads HYPOTHALAMUS It is the basal part of fore brain The hormones produced by it are of two types. Releasing hormone &Inhibiting hormone. For example GnRH stimulates the pituitary to release gonadotropin& somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone. HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY Hypothalamic hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons passes through the axon and reach the anterior pituitary through portal system. The posterior pituitary is under the direct control hypothalamic neuron. PITUITARY GLAND It is located just below the hypothalamus in a bony cavity called Sella tursica. Anterior pituitaryAdenohypophysis Posterior pituitaryNeurohypophysis ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (PARS DISTALIS) It secretes the following hormones Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin(PRL) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone(ACTH) Luteinizing Hormone(LH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (PARS INTERMEDIA) It secretes only one hormone called melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). NEUROHYPOPHYSIS It stores and releases the following hormones. Oxytocin Vasopressin GROWTH HORMONE GH; Over secretion leads to gigantism. Low secretion leads to pituitary dwarfism. PINEAL GLAND It is located at the dorsal side of fore brain. It secretes melatonin. Melotonin regulates circadian rhythm. It maintains body temperature,metabolism and pigmentation. THYROID GLAND THYROID HORMONES Follicular cells of thyroid secretes two hormones. Triiodothyronin (T3) and tetraiodothyronin(T4). Iodine is essential for normal functioning of this gland. HYPERTHYROIDISM It is the over secretion of thyroid hormones due to cancerous growth or nodule development in the thyroid gland. HYPOTHYROIDISM Deficiency iodine in our diet results in Hypothyroidism or Goitre. Symptoms; Stuntedgrowth(Cretinism), mental retartation,low intelligence quotient,abnormal skin&deaf- mutism. In women it causes menstrual irregularities. FUNCTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES It regulates the basic metabolism. Helps in RBC formation. Maintains ionic balance. Thyrocalcitonin regulates blood calcium level. PARATHYROID GLAND In human 4 parathyroid glands are present. They are located on the back side of the thyroid gland. It secretes Parathyroid hormone. It maintains calcium balance in our body. ADRENAL GLAND Our body has one pair of adrenal glands. It has an outer cortex and an inner medulla. ADRENAL CORTEX Adrenal cortex is divided into 3 regions . Outer-Zona reticularis Middle;Zona fasiculata Inner Zona glomerulosa HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones commonly called corticoids. Glucocorticoid;It is involved in carbohydrate metabolism,lipolysis&proteolysis. It is also involved in maintaining cardio vascular system &kidney functions. Cortisol produces anti inflammatoy reactions& suppresses the immune responses. It stimulates the RBC production. Mineral corticoids maintain ionic balance in the body. Sex corticoids or androgenic corticoids play a role HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA It secretes two hormones namely adrenalin or epinephrine and noradrenalin or norepinephrine. These are commonly called as catecholamines. These hormones are secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situation and are called emergency hormones or hormones of fight. PANCREAS It is a composite gland. It is both endocrine and exocrine in nature. I t has islets of langerhans.Islets of langerhans has 2 types of cells/ They are alpha cells and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete a hormone called glucagon,while beta cells secrete a hormone called insulin. GLUCAGON It is a peptide hormone It plays an important role in maintaining blood glucose level. It stimulates glycogenolysis and increase the blood glucose level (hyperglycemia). It is a hyperglycemic hormone. INSULIN It is also a peptide hormone. It enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation.So there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose level. It also stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen. It is a hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus TESTIS A pair of testis is present in the scrotal sac of male individuals. It performs dual functions. I t is a primary sex organ as well as an endocrine gland.. It has seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Interstitial cells secrete androgen or testosterone. This hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in male. It also produces anabolic effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism. OVARY A pair of ovaries are located in the abdomen of female. It is a primary sex organ. It also produces 2 hormones called estrogen and progesterone Estrogen is produced by ovarian follicles. It is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristic features in female. After ovulation the ruptured follicle is converted into a structure called corpus luteum. It secretes progesterone THYMUS GLAND It is located on the dorsal side of heart and aorta. It secretes thymosins. I t helps in the production of T – Lymphocytes and antibodies. It is degenerated in old individuals as a result the immune responses of old persons become weak. HORMONES OF HEART ,KIDNEYAND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Atrial wall of heart secretes ANF.It reduces the blood pressure. Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produces erythropoietin which stimulates RBC formation. Gastrointestinal tract secretes 4 hormones namely gastrin,secretin.cholecystokinin(CCK)&gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Gastrin-HCL & pepsinogen Secretin –water &bicarbonates CCK-Pancreatic enzymes &bile juice. GIP-inhibits gastric secretion and mobility. MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION MECHAINSM OF HORMONAL ACTION (Intra cellular receptor) TYPES OF HORMONES On the basis of their chemical nature, hormones can be divided into 4 groups. Peptide hormones (insulin & glucagon) Steroidal hormones (Estrogen,progesterone, testosterone & cortisol) Iodothyronines(Thyroid hormones) Amino acid derivatives (Epinephrine)