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Transcript
NON COMPACTED MYOCARDIUM DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND MANAGEMENT Denis Pellerin MD, PhD, FESC Consultant Cardiologist Director of Echocardiography Clinical Lead for Cardiac Imaging The Heart Hospital University College London Hospitals NHS FOUNDATION Trust •History 1984. Engberding and Bender. Persistence of isolated myocardial sinusoids 1990. Chin et al. Isolated non-compaction of the left ventricular myocardium •Genetically determined disturbance of the myocardial compaction process during fetal endomyocardial morphogenesis •No other cardiac anomalies Clinical Features in adults Engberding R et al. 2010 Clinical Features in children Engberding R et al. 2010 Cardiac embryology and pathogenesis •The myocardium develops from two different layers, a trabecular layer (endocardium) and a compact layer (subepicardial). Before the coronary vessels develop, the embryonal myocardium consists of a “spongy” meshwork of trabecular myocardial fibers and intertrabecular recesses that communicate with the cavum of the ventricle to receive their blood supply. In the 5th to the 8th week of embryonal development of the human myocardium, the ventricular myocardium gradually becomes compacted. This process of compaction proceeds from the epicardium to the endocardium, and from the base of the heart to its apex. •Pathogenetic mechanism that underlies NCCM : Abnormal arrest of embryonal process of endomyocardial morphogenesis. Myocardial dissection, myocardial tearing due to dilatation, metabolic defects, and compensatory hypervascularization Courtesy Prof. N Brown SGHMS Maron BJ et al. Circulation 2006 Genetics •Familial clustering has been described in up to 44% of cases with heterogeneous molecular genetic basis •Affected chromosomes: autosomal dominant and Xlinked inheritance Various mutations in the G 4.5 gene for tafazzin (on Xq28) alpha-dystrobrevin (DTNA) LIM-domain binding proteins: LDB3, cypher/ZASP, lamin A/C Sarcomere proteins – beta-myosin (MYH7) – alpha-cardiac actin (ACTC) – Cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) Pathophysiology •Coronary angiography reveals no abnormalities in patients with NCCM •PET shows a diminished reserve of coronary blood flow in the compact and non-compact myocardial segments of the left ventricle. Similar findings are obtained with single SPECT •Impaired microcirculation can lead to impaired left ventricular contraction and can account for the histologically demonstrable subendocardial fibrosis. Marked trabeculation can impair the diastolic function of the left ventricle with abnormal relaxation and restricted filling. •These systolic and diastolic disturbances of left ventricular function, if severe enough, can lead to the clinical manifestations of heart failure that are seen in patients with NCCM. Jenni R et al. Heart 2001 Echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of isolated non-compaction cardiomyopathy ● There are at least four prominent trabecula and deep intertrabecular recesses. ● Blood flow between the cavum of the left ventricle and the recesses is demonstrable with CFM or through the use of ultrasonographic contrast medium ● The non-compact mural segments have a typical bilaminar structure, and the non-compact subendocardial layer is at least twice as thick as the compact subepicardial layer in systole. Noncompaction is seen mainly at the cardiac apex and in the inferior, posterior, and lateral walls ● No other cardiac abnormalities are present. •Non-Compacted layer/Compacted layer> 2 Jenni R et al. Heart 2001. DTI TT SRI Strain • Family Screening: son, age 4, asymptomatic • 24-hour ECG recording • Regular FU including ECG and TTE Apical HCM LV non compaction Clinical severity •Variable •Heart failure Thrombo embolic events, mainly when AF Arrhythmias •Symptomatic patients have poor prognosis Treatment •Heart failure. Medical therapy, CRT, ICD (family tree), transplantation •Prevention of thrombo embolic events. Long-term anticoagulation when AF and impaired function or when thrombi •Arrhythmias, WPW Prognosis and management •Determined by Extent and degree of progression of heart failure Severity of arrhythmia Occurrence of thrombo embolic events •An aggressive treatment strategy is recommended for high-risk patients, including ICD implantation and early listing for heart transplantation where appropriate •Factors of poor prognosis: Enlarged end-diastolic left ventricular diameter when first measured NYHA class III or IV Permanent atrial fibrillation Bundle branch block on ECG •Symptomatic and high-risk patients should have cardiological followup examinations at least twice per year (Murphy RT et al. EHJ 2005) Adult LVNC 58% Oechslin E et al. JACC 2000;36:493-500 Prognosis and management •Asymptomatic patients with NCCM and patients who have neither a cardiac arrhythmia nor any left ventricular dysfunction do not require any treatment •Patients should be informed about the presence of the disease and about the symptoms that might arise in future, reassured about the generally favourable prognosis, and told of the importance of annual cardiological follow-up. •Family screening CONCLUSION ● Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is classified as primary genetic cardiomyopathy and is still rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic heart failure. ● Its clinical manifestations vary in severity and include heart failure, thromboembolic events, and arrhythmias. ● The diagnosis is usually made by echocardiography or cardiac MRI. Often mis-/underdiagnosed. ● Depending on the severity of the disease, it is treated with the usual treatments of heart failure, anticoagulation, and antiarrhythmic treatment, including the implantation of an ICD in highrisk patients. ● Symptomatic patients have an adverse prognosis and should undergo cardiological follow-up at least once every six months.