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Population Ecology Chapter 47 Notes Name ______________________________ Block __________ Date _______________ A _______population_______________________ is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a particular area. Students in a classroom make up a population. A _____limiting factor__________________________ is any condition that limits the size of a population. There are 7 limiting factors: 1. Predation:___ one organism consumes another- hunt and kill_______________________________ 2. Parasitism: ____on organims lives off another organims while the host is still alive______________ 3. Competition for Food ____organisms fight over food___________________________________________ 4. Pollution: ___________pollutants from humans________________________________________________ 5. Availability of Water: ______droughts can affect availability______________________________________ 6. Disease: __bacterial, viral infections (could be considered parasites also) and cancer type diseases_________ 7. Climate: _________hurricanes, tornadoes, floods_____________________________________ Limiting factors can be categorized as two types: density-dependent and density-independent. ______density-dependent__________________________________ limiting factors limit a population only when the population reaches a certain density. Examples are: predation, parasitism, compete for food, water & disease ________density-independent________________________________ limiting factors affect a population in the same way regardless of density. Examples are: climate & pollution An exponential growth curve is shown to the right. Bacteria exhibit exponential growth- they double with each division and have rapid growth. Label where the individuals start to multiply RAPIDLY. # of bacteria ________exponential growth___________________________________ occurs when the rate of growth in each new generation is a multiple of the previous generation. Time A population’s size changes over time. This change is known as a _____growth rate___________________________. Growth rate depends on births, deaths, immigrations (organisms enter a population) and emigrations (organisms leave a population). The ________carrying capacity_________________________________ is the number of organisms that can be supported by the environmental resources in an ecosystem. 50 40 A carrying capacity curve is shown to the right. 30 It illustrates that the environment can only produce 20 so much food and shelter for a population before 10 the population reaches an equilibrium- the same 0 number of births each year equal the same number of deaths. Time Another term for a carrying capacity graph is an ___S______ graph because it is in the shape of an “S”. There are a number of ways two populations of organisms interact with each other: Definition Example competition organisms try to make use of the same resources plants compete for water & sun light Predation one organism consumes & eats another organism (prey) hare & lynx Parasitism one organism feeds (parasite) on the tick & dog tissue of another organism (host)- human & tapeworm causing pain mutualism (symbiosis) each organism fills a need for the other birds & alligators- birds pick leeches out of the alligators teeth Commentalism one organism reaps the benefits while the other is unharmed barnacle & a whale Predation curve between the lynx (cat) and rabbit population. : rabbit population : lynx population # of organisms Interaction Time Time Succession When an area is wiped out by a fire or is cleared down by humans, it kills all of the plant & animal life. When a community tries to reestablish itself and begin to grow again, is is known as ______succession____________________. Primary succession is the first stage of regrowth and the climax community is when the community has once again been established. A _______boom & bust___________________ curve represents exponential growth followed by a sudden collapse. A boom and bust curve usually shows an insect population’s cycles through the year. They are abundant in the summer months but are limited in the fall and winter months.