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1. Personality is the unique characteristics of a
person. Personality theories provide a way of
organizing what you know about yourself and
other, explain differences among individuals,
explore how people conduct their lives, and
determine how life can be improved.
2. Psychoanalytic Theory – Created by Sigmund
Freud, emphasizes the importance of motives
hidden in the unconscious
Behaviorist Theory – Created by B.F. Skinner,
studies the way rewards and punishments shape
our actions
Social Learning Theory – examines the impact
observational learning has on personality
Cognitive Theory – focuses on how our thoughts,
perceptions, and feelings shape our personalities
Humanistic Theory – Abraham Maslow, people
strive for self-actualization, a person’s potential
for growth, such as creativity and spontaneity
Trait Theory – emphasizes the importance of
understanding basic personality characteristics
(traits)
3. id – the part of the unconscious that drives our
needs, wants, and instincts
ego – part of the unconscious that is in touch
with reality
superego – source of conscious that tries to
counteract the id
4. rationalization – making excuses for your
actions
repression – pushing of urges out of
consciousness
denial – refuse to accept reality
projection – believe impulses coming from within
are coming from other people
reaction formation – replacing an unacceptable
urge with an acceptable one
displacement – you cant confront the source of
your frustration, so you take it out on something
else
sublimation – redirecting a forbidden desire into
a socially acceptable one
5. collective unconscious – the part of the mid
that contains inherited instincts, urges, and
memories common to all people
6. inferiority complex – pattern of avoiding
feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to
overcome their source
7. Abraham Maslow’s idea for realizing one’s
unique potential
8. an individual whose person and self coincide
9. idea that our perceptions of ourselves and the
environments we live in, shape who we are
10. the struggle of stability vs. instability, the
struggle of extraversion vs. introversion, the
suppression of psychoticism.
11. anxiety – a vague, generalized apprehension
or feeling that one is in danger
12. phobia – intense and irrational fear of a
particular object or situation
13. agoraphobia – fear of being in a public place
14. o – uncontrollable pattern of thoughts
c – repetitive performance of a coping
behavior
15. post-traumatic stress disorder – victims of
traumatic events continue to experience the event
even after it is over.
16. somatoform disorder – formerly known as
hysteria, shows symptoms for which there is no
apparent physical cause
17. conversion disorder – emotional difficulties
lead to a loss of body functions
hypochondriasis – a person in good health
becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments
18. dissociative disorder – person experiences
alterations in memory, identity or consciousness
19. dissociative amnesia – loss of memory
dissociative fugue – person unexpectedly
travels away and is unable to recall the past
dissociative identity disorder – a person
exhibits two or more personality states
20. schizophrenia – a group of disorders
characterized by confused and disconnected
thoughts, emotions, and perceptions
21. delusions, hallucinations, incoherence,
disturbances of affect, deterioration in normal
movement, decline in previous levels of
functioning, diverted attention
23. paranoid – involves hallucinations and
delusions
catatonic – remain motionless for long
periods for time
disorganized – incoherent language,
inappropriate emotions, disorganized behavior
remission – currently showing no symptoms
23 (cont.) undifferentiated – encompasses many
different symptoms
22. word salad – common name for incoherent
patterns in schizophrenics
24. burn-out – caused by long-term
hospitalization, patients can no longer function in
society
25. major depressive disorder – severe form of
lowered mood, where a person experiences
feelings of worthlessness and diminished
pleasure
Bipolar disorder – individual alternates between
feelings of extreme happiness or joy and
depression
Seasonal affective disorder – depression that
comes and goes with the weather
26. psychological dependence – use of a drug to
such an extent that a person feels anxious
without it
27. addiction – persistent desire to obtain and
use a certain drug
Tolerance – physical adaptation to a drug so a
person needs an increased amount in order to
produce the original effect
Withdrawal – occurs after a person stops using
the drug, symptoms include mild nausea to death
28. psychotherapy – any treatment used by
therapists to help troubled individuals overcome
their problems
29. The primary goal of psychology is to
strengthen the patient’s control over his or her life
30. psychoanalysis – therapy aimed at making
the patient aware of their unconscious, based on
the work of Freud
humanistic – focuses on the value, dignity,
and worth of each person, and their desire to
reach full potential
cognitive – using thoughts and behavior to
control emotion
behavioral – changing undesirable behavior
through conditioning techniques
biological – use of medication to balance
illness
Eclectic approach – use of a combination of
different methods to help patient
31. placebo effect – the influence that a patients
hopes and expectations have on his or her
improvement during therapy
32. 1. psychologically healthy
2. empathy – capacity for warmth and
understanding
3. experience in dealing with people
33. insight – sudden realization of the solution to
a problem
34. free association – method used to examine
the unconscious by saying whatever comes to
mind. Used by Freud
resistance – reluctance of a patient to reveal
painful feelings
35. manifest content – actual contents of your
dreams
latent content – what your dream mean
36. transference – feeling toward an analyst the
way you feel toward some other figure in your life.
37. client-centered therapy – client and therapist
are partners in therapy
38. nondirective therapy – free flow of images
and ideas, with no particular direction
active listening – empathetic listening
unconditional positive regard – consistent
expression of acceptance of the patient, no
matter what they say or do
39. disconfirmation – clients are confronted with
evidence that directly disproves their existing
beliefs
reconceptualization – clients work toward an
alternative belief system to explain their
experiences or current observations
40. Rational-emotive Therapy – changing
unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other
people
41. counterconditioning – pairs the stimulus that
causes unwanted behavior with a new, desired
behavior
Operant conditioning – rewarding good behavior,
to encourage its repetition
42. systematic desensitization – technique to
help a patient overcome irrational fears and
anxieties
flooding – therapist exposes the client to
feared objects
modeling – watching someone else do
feared behavior
aversive conditioning – linking two unwanted
things to eliminate behavior
43. contingency management – undesirable
behavior is not reinforced, while desirable
behavior is reinforced
token economies – reinforcers are valueless
objects that can be then traded in for various
rewards
44. cognitive-behavior therapy – substituting
healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and
changing disruptive behaviors in favor of healthy
ones.
45. antipsychotic drugs – medication to reduce
agitation, by blocking activity of the brain
antidepressants – increases the amount of
noradrenalin and/or serotonin in the brain
lithium carbonate – counteracts mood
swings of bipolar disorder
antianxiety drugs – medication that
depresses the activity of the central nervous
system
46. electroconvulsive therapy – electrical shock
sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms
of distrubance
47. psychosurgery – medical operation that
destroys part of the brain to make the patient
calmer and freer of symptoms
48. prefrontal lobotomy – radical form of
psychosurgery that increases apathy while
sacrificing creativity