Download MODERN GREEK VERBS (without much grammatical jargon)

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Transcript
Queens College, ELL, GRKMD 112
I. Zikoudis
MODERN GREEK VERBS
(without much grammatical jargon)
Verbs are words describing actions. Modern Greek verbs are divided into two main categories:
A) verbs ending in – ω
A) –
B) verbs ending in –μαι
ω verbs are further divided into 3 subcategories (call them ‘omega 3’ and think of them as being very
‘healthy’ for one to learn!):
1) verbs ending in consonant
+ ω : e.g. θέλω, ξέρω, καταλαβαίνω, καθαρίζω
2) verbs ending in vowel + ω, most of them ending in ά + ω: e.g. μιλάω, γελάω,
τραγουδάω, φοράω, πονάω (κλαίω, φταίω, λέω, ακούω, εμπνέω)
3) verbs having the stress on the last syllable –
απορώ, αδιαφορώ, τιμωρώ, ανησυχώ
ώ e.g. ζω, μπορώ, οδηγώ, ταλαιπωρώ,
Verb endings indicate the person responsible for the action of the verb and as a result the
speaker/writer of M. Greek does not have to provide the name of the person responsible for the
action or even a personal pronoun in his or her place. Verb endings are standardized and have
the following form:
verbs ending in consonant
verbs ending in vowel
+ω
ω
+
verbs having the stress on the
last syllable –
ώ
θέλω
-ω
πονάω
-άω
μπορώ
-ώ
θέλεις
-εις
πονάς
-άς
μπορείς
-είς
θέλει
-ει
πονάει
-άει
μπορεί
-εί
θέλουμε
-ουμε
πονάμε
-άμε
μπορούμε
-ούμε
θέλετε
-ετε
πονάτε
-άτε
μπορείτε
-είτε
θέλουν
-ουν (ε)
πονάν
-άν (ε)
μπορούν
-ούν (ε)
Queens College, ELL, GRKMD 112
I. Zikoudis
B) verbs ending in –μαι could be classified as verbs describing:
1. EMOTIONS
Χαίρομαι: to be glad
Λυπάμαι: to be sorry
Φοβάμαι: to be afraid
Αισθάνομαι: to feel
Ντρέπομαι: to feel shame, to be embarrassed
Ζαλίζομαι: to feel dizzy
2. BRAIN ACTIVITY
Θυμάμαι: to remember
Φαντάζομαι: to imagine
Ονειρεύομαι: to dream
Σκέφτομαι: to think
Αφαιρούμαι: to get lost in daydreaming, to get distracted
3. STATIVE VERBS
(indicating the state
the body is in)
στέκομαι: to stand
κάθομαι: to sit
σηκώνομαι: to stand up
έρχομαι: to come
βρίσκομαι: to be
κουράζομαι: to get tired
ξεκουράζομαι: to relax
πλένω τα πιάτα / πλένομαι: to wash myself
4. REFLEXIVE
VERBS
(things I do to
myself)
καθαρίζω το σπίτι / καθαρίζομαι: to clean myself
γράφω ένα βιβλίο / γράφομαι στο κολλέγιο: to register myself
ντύνω τα παιδιά / ντύνομαι: to dress myself
γυμνάζω αθλητές / γυμνάζομαι: to train myself, to work out
ασχολούμαι: to keep myself busy
εργάζομαι: to employ myself, to work
διορθώνομαι: to correct myself
ενδιαφέρομαι: I find myself interested in
Queens College, ELL, GRKMD 112
B)
I. Zikoudis
–μαι verbs are divided into 4 subcategories:
1) verbs ending in -ομαι : χαίρομαι, έρχομαι, βρίσκομαι
2) verbs ending in -άμαι : λυπάμαι, θυμάμαι, κοιμάμαι
3) verbs ending in -ιέμαι : κρατιέμαι, γελιέμαι, γαργαλιέμαι
4) verbs ending in -ούμαι : ασχολούμαι, αιτούμαι, θεωρούμαι
Verb endings indicate the person responsible for the action of the verb and as a result the
speaker/writer of M. Greek does not have to provide the name of the person responsible for the
action or even a personal pronoun in his or her place. Verb endings are standardized and have
the following form:
verbs ending in
verbs ending in
-ομαι
-άμαι
χαίρομαι
-ομαι
κοιμάμαι
-άμαι
χαίρεσαι
-εσαι
κοιμάσαι
-άσαι
χαίρεται
-εται
κοιμάται
-άται
χαιρόμαστε
-όμαστε
κοιμόμαστε
-όμαστε
χαιρόσαστε/χαίρεστε
-όσαστε/-εστε
κοιμόσαστε/κοιμάστε
-όσαστε/-άστε
χαίρονται
-ονται
κοιμούνται
-ούνται
verbs ending in
verbs ending in
-ιέμαι
–ούμαι
βαριέμαι
-ιέμαι
θεωρούμαι
-ούμαι
βαριέσαι
-ιέσαι
θεωρείσαι
-είσαι
βαριέται
-ιέται
θεωρείται
-είται
βαριόμαστε
-ιόμαστε
θεωρούμαστε
-ούμαστε
βαριόσαστε/βαριέστε
-ιόσαστε/-ιέστε
θεωρείστε
-είστε
βαριούνται
-ιούνται
θεωρούνται
-ούνται
Queens College, ELL, GRKMD 112
I. Zikoudis
General note on verbs
A number of Tenses are formed after the stem (root) of the verb in the Present Tense. These
Tenses are called here ‘Continuous’ (others call them ‘Imperfective’) and characteristically
leave the action of the verb open in time, incomplete, repeated constantly or simply going on
forever and ever. Such Tenses are the Future Cont., Subjunctive Cont., Continuous Negative
Command and Past Continuous (also called Past Progressive or Imperfect by some grammar
books).
Another number of Tenses are formed after the stem (root) of the verb in the Past Tense. They
are called ‘Simple’ or ‘Perfective’ Tenses and describe the action of the verb as one to be
completed once or during a specific (restricted, limited) time. Such Tenses are the Future
Simple, Subjunctive Simple, Simple Command and Simple Negative Command. The form of the
Present Perfect Tense is also based on the stem of the Past Tense and indicates an action that
has been completed in the past but its effects are still visible or hold true in the Present.
Α. –ω
verbs
Α1. Regular verbs
μαθαίνω
μαθαίνω
Present
Έμαθα
έμαθα
Simple
Past
μαθαιν -
θα μαθαίνω
Fut. Cont.
μαθ-
θα μάθω
Fut. Simple
να μαθαίνω
Subj. Cont.
να μάθω
Subj.
Simpl.
μην μαθαίνεις
Neg. Comm.
μην μάθεις
Neg.
Comm.
μάθαινα
Past
Cont./Progr.
έχω μάθει
Pres.
Perfect
είχα μάθει
Past
Perfect
Μάθε,
μάθετε
Simp.
Comm.
Imperfect
Μάθαινε,
μαθαίνετε
Command
Queens College, ELL, GRKMD 112
I. Zikoudis
A2. Irregular verbs
Βλέπω βλέπω
Present
είδα
είδα
Simple
Past
βλεπ -
θα βλέπω
Fut. Cont.
δ-
θα δω
Fut. Simple
να βλέπω
Subj. Cont.
να δω
Subj.
Simpl.
μην βλέπεις
Neg. Comm.
μην δεις
Neg.
Comm.
έ-βλεπ-α
Past
Cont./Progr.
έχω δει
Pres.
Perfect
είχα δει
Past
Perfect
Δες, δέστε
Simp.
Comm.
Imperfect
βλέπε, βλέπετε
B. –μαι
Command
verbs
Ντύνομαι
ντύνομαι
Present
Ντύθηκα
ντύθηκα
Simple Past
ντυν-
θα ντύνομαι
Fut. Cont.
ντυθ-
θα ντυθώ
Fut. Simple
να ντύνομαι
Subj. Cont.
να ντυθώ
Subj. Simpl.
μην ντύνεσαι
Neg. Comm.
μην ντυθείς
Neg. Comm.
ντυν-όμουν
Past Cont.
έχω ντυθεί
Pres.
Perfect
είχα ντυθεί
Past Perfect
Imperfect
Queens College, ELL, GRKMD 112
I. Zikoudis
κοιμάμαι
κοιμάμαι
Present
κοιμήθηκα κοιμήθηκα
Simple Past
κοιμ-
θα κοιμάμαι
Fut. Cont.
κοιμηθ-
θα κοιμηθώ
Fut. Simple
να κοιμάμαι
Subj. Cont.
να κοιμηθώ
Subj. Simpl.
μην κοιμάσαι
Neg. Comm.
μην κοιμηθείς
Neg. Comm.
κοιμ-όμουν
Past Cont./
έχω κοιμηθεί
Pres.
Perfect
είχα κοιμηθεί
Past Perfect
Imperfect
βαριέμαι
βαριέμαι
Present
βαρέθηκα
βαρέθηκα
Simple Past
βαρ-
θα βαριέμαι
Fut. Cont.
βαρεθ-
θα βαρεθώ
Fut. Simple
να βαριέμαι
Subj. Cont.
να βαρεθώ
Subj. Simpl.
μην βαριέσαι
Neg. Comm.
μην βαρεθείς
Neg. Comm.
βαρ-ιόμουν
Past
Cont./Progr.
έχω βαρεθεί
Pres.
Perfect
είχα βαρεθεί
Past Perfect
Imperfect
ασχολούμαι
ασχολούμαι
Present
ασχολήθηκα
ασχολήθηκα
Simple Past
ασχολ-
θα ασχολούμαι
Fut. Cont.
ασχοληθ-
θα ασχοληθώ
Fut. Simple
να ασχολούμαι
Subj. Cont.
να ασχοληθώ
Subj. Simpl.
μην ασχολείσαι
Neg. Comm.
μην
ασχοληθείς
Neg. Comm.
ασχολ-ιόμουν
Past Cont
έχω
ασχοληθεί
Pres. Perf.
είχα
ασχοληθεί
Past Perfect
Imperfect