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The term used to refer to living things ________________? A: Biotic The term used to refer to the nonliving factors ie light, temperature, water____________? A: Abiotic This term used to refer to all the living things of one type in an area is ________? A: Population This term means all the living things in the area (several different populations) and is _______? A: Community This term refers to living things which are part of natural community and is ______? A: Native species This term is used to refer to organisms not native to an area and is ________? Exotic or invasive species The term used to refer to a specific area with certain biotic and abiotic factors is an ____? A: Ecosystem The term used to refer to the travel of nutrients through an ecosystem is _____? A: Nutrient cycle The term used to refer to a list of organisms based on feeding relationships is _______? A: Food chain The term used to refer to several food chains which interconnect is ______? A: Food web The term used to refer to the ability to work, some passed from one organism to another is ___? A: Energy The term used for an organism that eats only plants is ______? A: herbivore The term for an organism that eats only meat is a _________? A: Carnivore The term for an organism that eats both plants and meat is an _____? A: Omnivore The term for an organism that gets its food by breaking 1 down wastes is _____? A: Decomposer The term used to refer to any ecosystem on land is ____? A: Terrestrial The term used to refer to any ecosystem in the water is _________? A: Aquatic The term used to refer to living things that live in/on other living things (hosts) is ____? A: Parasite The term for an organism that hunts another for its food is ________? A: Predator The term for an organism that is hunted by another for its food is _________? A: Prey The term used for all water on or near Earth is the ___________________? A: Hydrosphere The term for all air on or near Earth’s surface is the __________________? A: Atmosphere The term for the solid rocky crust covering the Earth is the _____________? A: Lithosphere The term for all living things on Earth is called the _________________? A: Biosphere The study of the interactions between living and nonliving factors is called ______? A: Ecology 2 Summary from previous lesson: The earth isn't perfectly round, it is slightly fattened at the north and south poles. Scientists have the dated the Earth as being between 4 and 5 billion years old! Earth is mostly iron, oxygen and silicon 70% of the Earth's surface is covered in water The Atmosphere: Made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and <1% argon, water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases Acts like a blanket and moderates surface temperatures. The Lithosphere: Earth’s outer layer, the rocky shell of Earth The mountains, ocean floors and rest of Earth’s solid landscape. Ranges from 50 to 150 km in thickness 3 The Hydrosphere: Made up of all the water on Earth: Solid - glaciers Liquid – lakes, oceans, etc and groundwater Gas – clouds, water vapour 97% of Earth’s water is contained in the oceans. The Biosphere: The zone around Earth where life can exist Most can be found on land and in water Some micro-organisms can live several kms below the earth’s surface Can have artificial biospheres Ecosystem: Most natural ecosystems can remain constant over a long period of time. Human activity can interfere with the ability of ecosystems to survive. Humans have made artificial ecosystems (golf course, fish tanks, etc). These take a lot of work to maintain. Energy: Radiant energy – comes from the sun Thermal energy – energy transferred during heating and cooling Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water 4 Scavengers (any level) – feeds on the remains of other organisms Ecological Pyramid 5 Water Cycle Shows how water takes different forms and moves through the environment Water evaporates from the surface water (lakes, rivers, oceans), travels to the clouds, falls down again as rain, snow or hail. Water that falls on land can move through the soil and form ground water or enter lakes/rivers and be surface water Water also moves from the roots to the leaves of plants and then leaves the plant by way of transpiration Carbon cycle: Most exchange happens by way of photosynthesis – making sugar (energy) from carbon dioxide Carbon deposits – when carbon is stored (fossil fuels, plant tissues) Carbon sinks – when CO2 is stored in oceans (dissolved in water) Humans can affect the cycle: Car exhaust increases CO2 Deforestation means that there are fewer trees photosynthesizing Leads to global warming Melting ice caps, increasing temperatures Nitrogen Cycle: Most N used is taken from the atmosphere, changed into useable forms by nitrogen fixing bacteria This useable forms of N can be used to make proteins Lightening can also “fix” N N goes into the soil and when producers are consumed it is passed on to the consumers. There are 14 essential plant nutrients. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients including water are obtained from the soil. Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from the growing media:[2] the primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) the three secondary macronutrients: calcium (Ca), sulphur (S), magnesium (Mg) the micronutrients/trace minerals: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) 6 Questions: all the living organisms and their physical and chemical environment. ________________? The term used to refer to living things ________________? The term used to refer to the nonliving factors ie light, temperature, water____________? This term used to refer to all the living things of one type in an area is ________? This term means all the living things in the area (several different populations) and is _______? This term refers to living things which are part of natural community and is ______? This term is used to refer to organisms not native to an area and is ________? The term used to refer to a specific area with certain biotic and abiotic factors is an ____? The term used to refer to the travel of nutrients through an ecosystem is _____? The term used to refer to a list of organisms based on feeding relationships is _______? The term used to refer to several food chains which interconnect is ______? The term used to refer to the ability to work, some passed from one organism to another is ___? The term used for an organism that eats only plants is ______? The term for an organism that eats only meat is a _________? 7 The term for an organism that eats both plants and meat is an _____? The term for an organism that gets its food by breaking down wastes is _____? The term used to refer to any ecosystem on land is ____? The term used to refer to any ecosystem in the water is _________? The term used to refer to living things that live in/on other living things (hosts) is ____? The term for an organism that hunts another for its food is ________? The term for an organism that is hunted by another for its food is _________? The term used for all water on or near Earth is the ___________________? The term for all air on or near Earth’s surface is the __________________? The term for the solid rocky crust covering the Earth is the _____________? The term for all living things on Earth is called the _________________? The study of the interactions between living and nonliving factors is called ______? 8 Abiotic Factor: temperature, light, and soil Biotic Factor: Involve interactions between individuals: competition with members of their own species and with other species. -compete for limited resources (food, light, space, mate) -Predation 9 Carrying Capacity: The Maximum population size of a particular species that a given ecosystem can sustain. 10 Biomes: a complex biotic community characterized by distinctive plant and animal species and maintained under the climatic conditions of the region, especially such a community that has developed to climax. Mountain Forest: The most important function is in storing water and preventing erosion. Tundra: Tundras are among Earth's coldest, harshest biomes. Tundra ecosystems are treeless regions found in the Arctic and on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy and rainfall is scant. Grassland: Grassland biomes are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs. Latitude, soil and local climates for the most part determine what kinds of plants grow in a particular grassland. Boreal forest: The taiga(Boreal Forest) is the biome of the needleleaf forest. Living in the taiga is cold and lonely. Taiga is the Russian word for forest and is the largest biome in the world. The taiga doesn't have as many plant and animal species as the tropical or the deciduous forest biomes. Temperate deciduous forest: The deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In the autumn the leaves change color. During the winter months the trees lose their leaves. Freshwater: Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration — usually less than 1%. Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration Marine: Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth's surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Marine algae supply much of the world's oxygen supply and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for the land. Intertidal zone: The intertidal zone, also known as the littoral zone, in marine aquatic environments is the area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, ie the area between tide marks. 11 12 13 14 Niche: ecological niche definition. The place or function of a given organism within its ecosystem. Note: Different organisms may compete for the same niche. For example, in a forest there may be a niche for an organism that can fly and eat nectar from blossoms. The ecological role and space that an organism fills in an ecosystem. The ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism does in its habitat. For example, the ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients (for photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen into the atmosphere. Oak trees: absorb sunlight by photosynthesis; absorb water and mineral salts from the soil; provide shelter for many animals and other plants; act as a support for creeping plants; serve as a source of food for animals; cover the ground with their dead leaves in the autumn. Decomposer: Organisms that use dead plant and material as food. They are simple plants such as bacteria and fungi. Most are microscopic organisms Decomposers break down material, getting the energy they need to live and releasing elements back into the environment to be reused by other organisms. Located everywhere but more abundant at the bottom. Dead plants and animals settle. That is why the pond muck smelled bad. 15