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Baroque Time Period 1600-1750 Baroque = oddly shaped pearl General Characteristics • Absolute Monarchy (Government ruled by a Monarch, much like a president) • Commercial music more important (secular) • High power of middle class • Huge exaggeration Characteristics of Baroque Artwork • • • • • Fancy/elaborate Gold used for detail Beautiful Energy Light to Dark Differences? Renaissance Art Baroque Art Differences with Renaissance and Baroque Music Renaissance Baroque Melody Conjunct (step)-wide range Disjunct (leap), Melodic Sequence Harmony Controlled dissonance with emphasis on tension and release Major and minor tonality Rhythm Not complex, beginning to be notated Free rhythm, driving rhythms Form Strophic, Imitative Binary, Ternary, Ritornello, Fugue Texture Polyphonic (4-5) parts. Vocal and Instrumental of equal importance Homophonic Musical developments from Renaissance to Baroque • Major/minor tonality • System of tuning • New instruments were invented The Well Tempered Clavier • Book written by J.S. Bach • Described the tuning system for major and minor tonalities. • Collection of solo keyboard music written in every key signature Famous Baroque Composers Johann Sebastian Bach- March 21, 1685-July 28, 1750 Claudio MonteverdiMay 15, 1567 (baptized)November 29, 1643 Henry PurcellSept. 10, 1659November 21, 1695 George Frederic Handel- Feb. 23, 1685- April 14, 1759 Vocal forms • Cantata-Vocal song with instrument accompaniment • Opera-Form of drama • Chorale-Hymn or 4 part vocal work • Oratorio-Large music composition, orchestra and choir. Instrumental Forms • • • • Suite- Series of little dances Concerto- for solo instrument and ensemble Sonata- Instrumental song Fugue-Imitative, parts enter at different times and repeat the melody Sequence • A motive that is repeated in a melody, that moves up or down in a scale. • Example: Jaws theme Music Elaboration • Trumpets were used more • Addition of Timpani • Larger ensembles Doctorine of Affections • Music appealed to emotions • Music evoked one emotion throughout the whole piece Fugue X is subject, ~ is countersubject X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Why end the Baroque at 1750? • It is the year J.S. Bach died. Ritornello form • A reoccurring passage, much like a refrain or chorus • Italian for “little return” Concerto Grosso • A large scale concerto called a concertino vs. the whole ensemble • String quartet soli section in the middle of a work Ground Bass • A bass line which is repeated throughout the whole song • Ex. Pachelbel's Cannon Basso Continuo • The “rhythm section” of a piece of music • Must contain a chordal instrument (guitar or piano) • Must contain a bass instrument (cello, bassoon, trombone) • Both parts work together to support the melody • Often improvised Development of Instrumental Music • New forms of music • Improved tuning • Increased use of trumpets and timpani • Musicians used For balls and dances Baroque Instruments • Strings – Baroque Guitar • Woodwind – Oboe • Brass – Serpent • Keyboard – Harpsichord Listening example 1 • • • • • • Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach Title: “Toccata and Fugue in D minor” Date:1707 Texture: Polyphonic Form: Fugue Additional Information: Bach’s most famous fugue • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipzR9bhei_o &safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Listening example 2 • • • • • • Composer Antonio Vivaldi Title: “Spring” from the Four Seasons Date: 1723 Texture: Homophonic Form: Concerto Additional information: used on the Zales commercial. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldYNttdgl0&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_m ode=1
