Download Chapter 4, Section 1: Geography and Ancient Egypt

Bell Work
9/25 or 9/26
Complete bell work in your Journal. Write the
questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Who is considered the “father” of the Hebrews?
Where were the Hebrews located (promise land)?
What made the Hebrews different from others around
them?
Who were the 3 Kings of Israel?
Describe who and how the Hebrews came into contact
with the people/groups around them.
What are 2 other names given to the Hebrews?
The laws of ___________ are formed from the early Hebrew
Story (religion)?
Clear Your Desk and take out
something to grade your quiz with…
• Listen to the correct answers
• Mark the answers incorrect and write the correct letter for that
question
• Look at the questions missed and ask questions, if needed
• Take 10 minutes to begin your quiz corrections
• Quiz Corrections will be due Monday, 9/30
• 12-15 question Benchmark to measure your knowledge thus far
in the class (Chapter 1-3, and Chapter 7-1)
• Unit 2 Exam will be on your block day next week
– Chapter 3 (Mesopotamia)
– Chapter 7; Section 1 (Early Hebrews)
– Chapter 4 (Egypt)
Think-Pair-Share
In what context have we mentioned
Africa before?
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Africa
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Chapter 4, Section 1: Geography
and Ancient Egypt
Page 86-89
Title of Notes:
Geography and Ancient Egypt
The Big Idea
The water, fertile soils, and protected setting of the Nile Valley allowed a great
civilization to arise in Egypt around 3200 BC.
Main Ideas
• Egypt was called the gift of the Nile because the Nile River gave life to the desert.
• Civilization developed along the Nile after people began farming in this region.
• Strong kings unified all of Egypt.
Main Idea 1:
Egypt was called the gift of the
Nile because the Nile River gave
life to the desert.
• The Nile River brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive.
• Biannual flooding of the Nile made farming possible
– People waited on the floods and called them life giving miracles
Features of the Nile
• The Nile is the longest river in the world, with a distance of over 4,000
miles.
• Ancient Egypt included two regions, a southern and a northern region,
that were given their names by their relation to the Nile (south to north)
– Northern Region (Lower Egypt)
– Southern Region (Upper Egypt)
• At several points, the rough terrain caused cataracts, or rapids, to form.
– Made sailing difficult
• The Nile divided into several branches, forming a delta, a triangular area of
land made from soil deposited by a river.
– 2/3 of Egypt’s farmland was located in the Nile Delta
The Floods of the Nile
• Little rain fell in the Egyptian desert, but the Nile flooded every year in the
summer and fall.
• The Nile’s flooding coated the land around it with a rich silt that made the soil
ideal for farming.
• Without the floods, people could never have farmed in Egypt *****
– Black Land- Fertile
– Red Land-Dry/Lifeless
Map Activity
• Use an entire sheet of paper in
your journal.
• Construct a map of the Ancient
Egypt (87).
• Identify and label the following
on the map and
• Make a legend using colors.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Nile River
Direction of the current
Upper Egypt
Lower Egypt
Western Desert and Eastern
Desert (red land)
Nile Delta (black land)
Nubia
Kush
Cataracts
Sinai Peninsula
The Canaan
Bell Work
9/30
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
1. What is Egypt called (nickname)?
2. Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?
3. What was interesting about Egypt’s two
regions?
4. Why would invading Egypt have been
difficult?
5. Explain Egypt’s religion.
Main Idea 2:
Civilization developed along the
Nile after people began farming in
this region.
• The Nile provided both water and fertile soil for farming.
• Diet
– Many types of fish, wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables
– Raising cattle and other livestock
• Like the Mesopotamians, they had a varied diet.
• Egypt’s location offered another advantage because it had natural barriers that made
it hard to invade (protection).
– Cataracts along the Nile
– Deserts
– Bodies of water
Main Idea 3:
Strong kings unified all of Egypt.
• According to tradition, Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt and unified the two
kingdoms
– wearing 2 crowns representing both kingdoms
– He took control of Lower Egypt by marrying the Lower Egypt Princess (marriage
alliance)
• King Menes
– Egypt’s first pharaoh, the title used by the rulers of Egypt.
– Founded Egypt’s first dynasty, or series of rulers from the same family.
– Made Memphis the capital of Egypt
– Dynasty lasted 200 years and extended Egyptian territory southward along the Nile
River
King Menes
Representing Upper & Lower Egypt
Coned shaped white crown and a red crown
Farmers in Egypt learned to grow wheat and barley.
This tomb painting shows a couple harvesting their
crop. Farmers in Egypt still use the fertile lands
along the Nile River to grow food.
Chapter 4, Section 2: The Old
Kingdom
Pages 90-95
The Old Kingdom
The Big Idea
Egyptian government and religion were closely
connected during the Old Kingdom.
Main Ideas
• In early Egyptian society, pharaohs ruled as gods and were at the top of the social
structure.
• Religion shaped Egyptian life.
• The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs.
Egyptian Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
Using information on pages 90-101, complete the chart below
Old Kingdom
Date/Dynasty
Pharaoh, Duties,
Achievements
Social Structure
and Daily Life
Government &
Economy
Religion
Achievement of
the Kingdom
Egypt and its
Neighbors
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Date/Dynasty
2700-2200 BCE
Third Dynasty
2050-1550 BCE
1550-1050 BCE
18th Dynasty
Pharaoh, Duties,
Achievements
Khufu-cruel, but treated his officials
nicely, known for monuments built to
him
He was expected to bring good harvest
and control of ways of life…if something
went wrong, the pharaoh was blamed.
Mentuhotep II-defeated his rivals and
stabilized Egypt for a short time
Ahmose-defeated the Hyksos and
declared himself king of all of Egypt.
Hatshepsut-increased trade and
built immense temples/monuments
Ramses the Great-longest reign in
Egyptian history and formed allies
with the Hittites
Social Structure
and Daily Life
1. Pharaoh, 2. nobles, 3. scribes and
craftsmen, and 4. farmers,
servants, and slaves
“
Elite
Government &
Economy
Pharaoh as a god and controller of the
government (had government officials to
help him)
They traded with neighbors around
them (Nubia and Syria)
Religion
Same social order
Scribes were important
Soldiers could rise in status if
promoted
Farmers and Peasants were the vast
majority
Hyksos come in and take over the Middle
Kingdom.
Though Egyptians keep their religion,
they are forced under foreign rule.
Pharaoh had all the power and
government officials
Conquest and trade routes brought
tremendous wealth
Other people sent expensive gifts to
to Egypt to keep the peace
Pharaoh as a god
Polytheistic
Built temples to the gods
Afterlife (ka), Mummification, and
Burial Practices
“
“
Achievement of
the Kingdom
Building Pyramids and Mastering
Engineering
During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was
reunited and stabilized for a short period.
Turned Egypt into an empire that
stretched from the Euphrates river
to south of Nubia (power and glory)
Permanent Army and had leading
military power
Egypt and its
Neighbors
Nubia to trade
Syria to trade
Punt to trade
Hyksos invaded Egypt and ruled for 200
years
Conquering the Hyksos, Syria, and
Kush
Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hittites
sent gifts to Egypt
Index Card Quick Check
Who, What, or Where am I?
Label Your Note Card
Number the Note Card 1-20 in
Columns
Write the correct answer
Turn in your Note Card (Pocket)
1. While ruling, I increased trade and
build impressive monuments/temples.
Who am I?
2. We house great Egyptian rulers and
their valuables. What are we?
3. I ran the Hyksos out of Egypt and
declared myself king of all of Egypt.
Who am I?
4. Life in Egypt would not be possible
if it were not for me. What am I?
5. I am the most famous pharaoh of the
Old Kingdom. Who am I?
6. I was the first pharaoh in Egyptian
History. Who am I?
7. After the middle kingdom, Egypt
created me. I offered a chance to rise
up in status by being promoted. What
am I?
8. I am the most fertile place in Egypt,
having 2/3 of the farmland. Where am
I?
9. During the New Kingdom, Egypt
grew in size and wealth through us.
What are we?
10. Much of Egyptian religion focused
on me. What am I?
11. I work closely with Anubis; I am the
Egyptian god of the underworld. Who
am I?
12. We sat on the top of King Menes’
head signifying the unification of
Upper and Lower Egypt. What are
we?
13. My reign was one of the longest in
Egyptian History and I made allies
with the Hittites. Who am I?
14. I was the new capital of the 1st
Dynasty, established by King Menes.
Where am I?
15. In the Egyptian social structure, we
rank under the pharaohs. Who are
we?
16. Without mastering this concept,
constructing pyramids would have
been difficult. What am I?
17. The afterlife stemmed from me, I am
a person’s life force. What am I?
18. I am the Egyptian sun god. Who am
I?
19. We are also known as royalty
because we have wealth and power.
Like the pharaohs, we could often
afford to be mummified. Who are we?
20. I am considered a natural barrier,
protecting Egyptians from their
enemies and crossing the Nile easily.
What am I?
21. We used horses, chariots, and
advanced weapons to conquer Lower
Egypt and ruled Egypt for 200 years.
Who are we?
Main Idea 1:
In early Egyptian society, pharaohs
ruled
as gods and were at the top of
the social structure.
• The Old Kingdom was a period in which the Egyptians developed a system
based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king and a god.
• Government was a theocracy.
• As the population grew, social classes appeared.
• Egypt began to trade goods with its neighbors.
Egyptian Society
• Social classes
– Pharaohs ruled Egypt as gods.
– Many nobles, or people from rich and powerful families, were officials and
priests who helped run the government.
– Scribes and craftspeople wrote and produced goods.
– Farmers, servants, and slaves made up most of Egyptian society.
Main Idea 2:
Religion shaped Egyptian life.
The Egyptians had gods
for nearly everything,
including the sun, the
sky, and the earth.
These gods would often
mix human and animal
forms.
Egyptian religion
focused on the afterlife,
or life after death.
They believed that
when a person died, his
or her ka left the body
and became a spirit.
They developed
embalming to preserve
bodies and keep the
link between the body
and the spirit. The
specially treated bodies
wrapped in cloth were
called mummies.
Major Egyptian gods/goddesses to
know
• Anubis: god of the dead (human-animal mix)
• Re, or Amon Re: the sun god
• Osiris: the god of the underworld
• Isis: goddess of magic
• Horus: Sky god, god of the pharaohs
Abbreviated Steps of the
Mummification Process
1. Removal of the Brain (through the nose with a hook)
2. Removal of Internal Organs (except the heart)
3. Embalming the Body
•
•
•
Soak the body in Natron (nay-tron)
Dry out for ~40 days
Stuff the body with oils and perfumes
4. Wrapping the Body
•
•
•
15 days
Yards of Linen
Decoration to linens was done before wrapping
What is “ka?”
Mummification Video
2:45
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9k5NuJL
UkQ
Main Idea 3:
The pyramids of Egypt were built
as tombs for the pharaohs.
Pyramids are huge
stone tombs with four
triangular sides that
meet in a point on the
top. Historians are
unsure how they were
built.
Pyramids displayed
amazing engineering,
or the application of
scientific knowledge for
practical purposes.
The size and shape of
the pyramids showed
the importance of
pharaohs. They were
the people’s link to the
gods, so the Egyptians
wanted their spirits to
be happy.
Chapter 4, Section 3: The Middle
and New Kingdoms
The Middle and New Kingdoms
The Big Idea
During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.
Main Ideas
• The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of
disorder.
• In the New Kingdom, Egyptian trade and military power reached their peak, but
Egypt’s greatness did not last.
• Work and daily life were different for each of Egypt’s social classes.
Main Idea 1:
The Middle Kingdom was a period
of stable government between
periods of disorder.
Following a period of
competition for power
between the nobles and
the pharaohs, the
Middle Kingdom began.
Egypt was united for
nearly 300 years
Egypt fell into disorder
around 1750 BC. A
group called the Hyksos
(Hick-sos) invaded and
ruled the region for
200 years.
The Egyptians fought
back, and Ahmose of
Thebes declared himself
king and drove the
Hyksos out of Egypt,
beginning the New
Kingdom.
Main Idea 2:
In the New Kingdom, Egyptian
trade and military power reached
their peak, but Egypt’s greatness did
not last.
• Fearing future invasions, the Egyptians took control of all possible invasion
routes into the kingdom.
• Egypt took over vast lands and was the leading military power in the area.
• Egypt became rich because of the lands it conquered.
Growth and Effects of Trade
• Conquests brought traders into contact with distant lands, and trade routes, or
paths followed by traders, developed.
• Queen Hatshepsut encouraged trade and used the profits to support the arts and
architecture.
• Led by Ramses the Great, Egypt fought invaders for many years, leaving their
empire diminished. (biography on page 101)
Main Idea 3:
Work and daily life were different
for each of Egypt’s social classes.
• The complex society required people to take on many different kinds of jobs.
• Family life was very important in Egyptian society, and most Egyptians lived in
their own homes.
– Women had many legal rights, including owning property, making contracts,
and divorcing their husbands.
Egyptian Jobs
Scribes
Few people were more
respected than scribes.
They did not have to
pay taxes, and many
became wealthy.
Artisans, Artists, and
Architects
These jobs required
advanced skills and
were also very admired
in Egypt.
Merchants and
Traders
Although trade was
important, few held
these positions. Some
had to travel very long
distances to buy and
sell goods.
Additional Egyptian Jobs
Soldiers
Egypt created a
permanent army that
offered soldiers a
chance to rise in social
status and receive land
as payment.
Farmers and Other
Peasants
This group made up the
vast majority of the
population. They grew
crops to support their
families and to pay
taxes.
Slaves
Slaves were usually
criminals or prisoners.
They had some legal
rights, however.
Bell Work 10/2 or 10/3
Complete the chart for Ancient Egypt
G.=________
R. =________
A. =________
P. =________
E. =________
S. =________
Chapter 4, Section 4: Egyptian
Achievements
Egyptian Achievements
The Big Idea
The Egyptians made lasting achievements in writing,
architecture, and art.
Main Ideas
• The Egyptians developed a writing system using hieroglyphics.
• The Egyptians created magnificent temples, tombs, and
works of art.
Egyptian Achievements
102-106
• Pyramids and Engineering
• Hieroglyphics
– Writing in pictographs
– papyrus
• Rosetta Stone
• Egyptian Texts
– Government, historical records,
science and medical manuals,
literary works
– The Book of the Dead
• Paintings
– All subjects
– Lively, colorful scenes
– Distinctive style
• Humans-Heads/legs are seen
from the side, but upper body
and shoulders straight on
• Temples & Tombs
– Impressive paintings and
carvings
– statues
– Homes of gods
– Tombs filled with treasures
– Temple of Karnak
• Sphinx
– Imaginary figures
• Obelisk
– Pointed column
• Skilled Stoneworkers and use of
gold
– Jewelry
– Tomb décor
King Tutankhamen
 Tomb filled with treasures,
including jewelry, robes,
and a burial mask, and ivory
statues
 Though treasure hunters
emptied many pharaohs’
tombs, King Tut’s was not
disturbed.
 This tomb, found in 1922,
has told us much about
Egyptian burial practices
and beliefs.
Main Idea 1:
The Egyptians developed a writing
system using hieroglyphics.
• Hieroglyphics was the Egyptian
writing system.
• Egyptians learned to write
hieroglyphics on papyrus, a longlasting, paper-like material made
from reeds.
• Scribes wrote on papyrus using
brushes and ink.
• Historians learned how to read
hieroglyphics after discovering
the Rosetta Stone, which was
written in three languages.
– Hieroglyphics
– A later form of Egyptian
– Greek
Main Idea 2:
The Egyptians created magnificent
temples, tombs, and works of art.
Egyptians believed
the massive temples
were homes of the
gods.
People visited to
worship, offer gifts to
the gods, and ask for
favors.
Temples had
• Stone sphinxes and
other statues
• An obelisk: a tall, foursided pillar that is
pointed at the top
• Painted walls and
columns that also had
hieroglyphics
Egyptian art filled tombs.
• Egyptian art was filled with
lively, colorful scenes.
• Art showed historical events,
everyday life, and religious events.
• Painting had a distinctive style in
which people’s heads and legs are
always seen from the side, but
upper bodies are shown straight
on.
Tombs contained work such as:
• Art and hieroglyphics on walls
and columns
• Stone statues and carvings
– Egyptians were skilled
stoneworkers.
• Jewelry