Download The Egg - Frogs lay their eggs in water or wet places. A floating

Insects – Metamorphosis- invertebrate - Metamorphosis refers to the way that insects develop,
grow, and change form. Metamorphosis actually means "change". There are two types of
metamorphosis--incomplete and complete.
Incomplete Metamorphosis: About 12% of all insects go through incomplete metamorphosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis has 3 stages.
Egg - A female insect lays eggs. These eggs are often covered by an egg case which protects the
eggs and holds them together.
Nymph - The eggs hatch into nymphs. Nymphs looks like small adults, but usually don't have
wings. Insect nymphs eat the same food that the adult insect eats. Nymphs shed or molt their
exoskeletons (outer casings made up of a hard substance called chitin) and replace them with
larger ones several times as they grow. Most nymphs molt 4-8 times.
Adult - The insects stop molting when they reach their adult size. By this time, they have also
grown wings.
Complete Metamorphosis: About 88% of all insects go through complete metamorphosis.
Complete metamorphosis has 4 stages:
Egg - A female insects lays eggs.
Larva - Larvae hatch from the eggs. They do not look like adult insects. They usually have a
worm-like shape. - Caterpillars, maggots, and grubs are all just the larval stages of insects.
Larvae molt their skin several times and they grow slightly larger.
Pupa - Larvae make cocoons around themselves. Larvae don't eat while they're inside their
cocoons. Their bodies develop into an adult shape with wings, legs, internal organs, etc. This
change takes anywhere from 4 days to many months.
Adult - Inside the cocoon, the larvae change into adults. After a period of time, the adult
breaks out of the cocoon.
Frog Metamorphosis- Vertebrate
The Egg - Frogs lay their eggs in water or wet places. A floating clump of eggs is called frog
spawn.
Description of change:
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The large and slippery mass of eggs is too big to be eaten. This is nature's way of
protecting them.
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Smaller clumps of eggs will be eaten by the creatures living near or in the pond.
1. Egg Development:
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The egg begins as a single cell.
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Several thousand are sometimes laid at once. It becomes surrounded by a jellylike
covering, which protects the egg.
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The female may or may not stay with the eggs to take care of the young after she has laid
them.
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The egg slowly develops. But, only a few develop into adults. Ducks, fish, insects, and
other water creatures eat the eggs.
The Cell Splits
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The single cell in the egg eventually splits into two. These two split making four cells,
and so on. Eventually, there are many cells in the egg.
2. The Embryo
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The mass of cells in the egg come to form an embryo.
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Organs and gills begin to form, and in the meantime, the embryo lives off of its internal
yolk. This supplies it with nutrients for 21 days.
3. The Tadpole
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After its 21 day development period, the embryo leaves its jelly shell, and attaches itself
to a weed in the water.
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This quickly becomes a tadpole, a baby frog. The tadpoles grow until they are big
enough to break free into the water. This can take from 3 days to 3 weeks, depending on
what kind of frog they will become.
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They eat very small plants that stick to larger plants in the water. These tiny plants are
called algae. The tadpole has a long tail, and lives in the water.
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The tadpole has a long tail, and lives in the water.
4. Changes in tadpoles - tadpole Begins to Change
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After about five weeks, the tadpole begins to change. It starts to grow hind legs, which
are soon followed with forelegs.
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Behind their heads bulges appear where their front legs are growing. Their tails become
smaller.
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Lungs begin to develop, preparing the frog for its life on land. Now and then, they
wiggle to the surface to breathe in air.
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The tail becomes larger and makes it now possible for the tadpole to swim around and
catch food.
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They eat plants and decaying animal matter. Some tadpoles eat frogs’ eggs and other
tadpoles.
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Over time, the tadpole becomes even more froglike. They have shed their skin and lip.
The tail becomes much smaller, and the legs grow. The lungs are almost functioning at
this point. Now a frog.
General Plants Vocabulary
Conifer -is a tree that produces its seeds
inside cones. Conifers are also known as evergreens - green leaves all year round.
Ferns and mosses produce spores instead of seeds
Chloroplast- is a small oval green bit of protoplasm that contains chlorophyll and is necessary
for the process of photosynthesis.
Cotyledon -is the food is stored inside the seed.
Endosperm -is the stored food in the seed
Seed coat – (testa)-tough covering surrounds each seed protecting the embryo inside.
Embryo -is the part of the seed that will develop into a young plant. Or the tiny plant inside a
seed.
Fruit - the part of the plant that contains the seed(s)
Flowering Plant- A plant that produces flowers
Flower the part of a plant, often marked by a distinctive color or fragrance, which generates fruit
or seeds; blossom
Germination and Growth
After a seed is produced, it may not start growing right away.
It may stay dormant for a while.
Grow - to become larger by the process of natural development; increase.
To grow, a seed must have the right conditions. It needs oxygen, warmth, and water.
Germination the process by which a new plant starts to grow.
 Seed absorbs water and swells.
 Then the seed coat splits open, and a root (hypocotyl) begins to grow down into
the soil.
 Then a tiny shoot pushes up through the soil (epicotyl)
 The first leave appear and use the sun to make food for young plant
 Seedling – young plant with leaves
 Plant grows flowers, which will make seeds for new plants.
Leaf - green, flat parts of a plant that grows from the stem or branch and produce food by
photosynthesis, or a growth or structure. Leaves that form the outer part of a flower head.
Non flowering Plants - seed plants without flowers; seeds are inside cones Ovule Seed plants:
produces one or more egg cells. Upon fertilization of the egg, the ovule becomes a seed
Petal - one of the separate, modified leaves, usually of a different color from the plant
Phloem: Vascular tissues with a photosynthetic (food) conducting function. True phloem
consists of living, thin-walled cells, typified by sieve areas in the walls of some of the cells.
Pollen-Male spores used to fertilize the seed .Upon fertilization of the egg, the ovule becomes a
seed.
Root - the part of a plant that usu. grows underground, absorbs water and nutrients, and attaches
the plant to the soil. .
Seed: A fertilized ovule. A seed consists of an embryonic tissue and surrounded by seed coat.
Stem- the main axis of a plant, usu. above ground, from which branches, leaves, flowers, or
fruits may arise.
Seed disperse (scatter) - moves away from its parent plant
 Some plants disperse their own seeds.
 Most seeds, though, are scattered by wind, water, or animals. Seeds may attach to an
animal’s fur and drop off later.
 An animal may also eat the seeds- pass out in its droppings.
Sorus- (i) A group or cluster of sporangia in ferns
Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
Seeds are the organs developed from the fertilized ovules of plants. With the right conditions of
water supply, temperature and location, they germinate to produce a new plant, thus beginning
the next stage of the plant life cycle -- a cycle whose duration varies from species to species.
Germination: sprouting of the seed. A ratio of daylight to darkness, temperature, moisture
(timing and quantity), fire, abrasion, and even animal digestive enzymes. Are necessary for
germination.
Growth: development from seedling to mature plant.
Reproduction: production of offspring.
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Egg/Sperm Production:
o eggs are produced in the ovary
o sperm is produced and packaged in the anther
Pollination: transfer of pollen from anther to stigma (by wind, water or animal).
Double Fertilization: when pollen is accepted by the stigma, a pollen tube grows down
the style and into the ovary. Both sperm cells from the pollen grain travel down the
pollen tube to the ovary. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the zygote which
develops into the embryo and eventually the new plant. The other sperm cell fuses with
the two polar nuclei to form the endosperm which provides food for the embryo.
Seed Production: the embryo and endosperm are surrounded by a seed coat to form the
seed.
Seed Dispersal: movement of seeds away from parent. Seed dispersal is critical to avoid
competition with the parent plant and to occupy new, maybe better, places.
Death: if plants die after less than a year, then they are called annuals (If plants die after two
years, then they are called biennials, and if they live for more than two years, then they are called
perennials.
There are diagrams of each of these cycles available and quizzes for each using words of
the cycles.