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Launching a New Republic
 What political traditions and
tensions first appeared in the
early years of the new
republic?
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Federal Judiciary- 1789 law passed by the first
congress that set up lower federal courts.
John Jay- First chief justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court
Attorney General- nation’s top legal officer,
today also the head of the Department of
Justice.
Cabinet- group of executive department
heads that serve as the president’s chief
advisers.
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Inaugurate- to formally swear in or induct
into office
Precedent- an example that becomes
standard practice
Tariff- tax on imported goods
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Charles Thomson- Secretary of Continental
Congress
Delivered a letter to George Washington – to
inform him he was elected president.
Washington accepted the honor and burden
of office.
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Congress passed – Federal court systemFederal Judiciary, Act the act gave supreme
court 6 members: Chief Justice or Judge and 5
associate Justices.
The number later grew to nine
John Jay- 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court.
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Congress creating departments
President had powers to appoint heads of
departments:
 1. state- (Thomas Jefferson)
 2. War- Nation’s Defense (Henry Knox)
 3. Treasury- (Alexander Hamilton) Nation’s
economy- Financial Secretary.
 4. Justice
 5. Postal Service
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Edmund Randolph: Attorney General
All heads made up Washington’s cabinet. –
Advising him on financial matters.
The Nation’s Finances
 Most Urgent Problem for Alexander Hamilton
(War Debts)
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Borrowed Money
France
Spain
Netherlands
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In debt to private citizens, soldiers- received
bonds to pay them with interest.
52 million war debt- Foreign and domestic
Needed to pay debt to gain respect with
foreign nations and own citizens
Needed to be responsible with money to
continue to work with other nations
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Strong Central Government
National Government should be stronger
than the state government
Encourage business and industry and nation’s
prosperity depended on nation’s wealthy
merchants and manufactures.
Owed money to these people hoped to gain
them support when paid back.
Improvement of Nation’s finances
1. paying off war debt
2. Raising Government Revenue
3. Creating a National Bank
Hamilton wanted to pay off state’s war debt
but south wouldn’t agree unless place capital
in Southern states on the banks of the
Potomac River.
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Tariffs – a way to raise revenue – Taxes on
imported goods
Made foreign goods very expensive
Encourage to buy American
National Bank- a safe place to keep
government money
Make loans to 1. business 2. government
Issue bank notes – Paper money is called
currency
Battle of Fallen Timbers: 1794 battle between
Native Americans and American Forces
 Treaty of Greenville- 1795 treaty in which 12 Native
America tribes ceded control of much of Ohio and Indiana
to the U.S. government.
 Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 protest against the government’s
tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers
 French Revolution: revolution overthrowing the
government in France that began in 1787 and ended in
violence and mass executions.
 Jay’s Treaty: agreement that ended the dispute with
Britain over American shipping during the French
Revolution.
 Pinckney's Treaty: 1795 treaty with Spain allowing U.S.
commercial use of the Mississippi River.
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Cede: surrender or give up
Northwest Territory: area bounded by the
Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the Great
Lakes
Neutral: not siding with any other country in
dispute.
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Settlers moving west met resistance with
Native Americans (1790-1791)
Chief Little Turtle- (Miami Tribe of Ohio) won
decisive victories over U.S. Troops.
1794 – Miami faced an attack by the U.S.
Forces General Ma Anthony Wayne.
Tribal Council voted for war
Washington Plan was to secure the Western
Frontier.
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Washington supported strong National
Government – Showed its strength on
threatening situations
Competing Claims Territory
 Needed peace to prosper –Trans Atlantic West-
Land between Appalachian Mountains and
Mississippi River.
 1783 Treaty of Paris –tried to resolve the claimsSpain, Britain, and The United States, and Native
Americas claimed all parts.
Strongest Resistance of Whites came from
Native American is the Northwest Territory
 Mad Anthony Wayne “Battle of Fallen Timbers”
… Easily defeated the Native Americans.
 The defeat ended the Native Americans hope of
the Northwest Territory – 12 tribe signed an
agreement
 Treaty of Greenville- Cede much of present day
land in
 1. Ohio
 2.Michigan
 3. Indiana
 Numerous posts and ports
 U.S. Government
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Washington still wanted to put another army in
the Midwest.
 Secretary of Treasury- Hamilton needed to raise
revenue so he taxed manufacture of whiskey.
 Hit the small back country farmers the hardest
 Major Crop- CORN
 Farmers started to use whiskey as money –
outrages farmers on whiskey tax- (Penn. –
Georgia)
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1794 Farmers in Western Pennsylvania –
staged a revolt against Whiskey Tax.
 Burned home of Tax collector
 Threatened to attack Pittsburg
General Henry Lee and Hamilton- 13,000 US
soldiers to western Penn. to put down uprising.
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U.S. Independent by tied to both European
nations by Treaty and Trade.
Both went to war with each other/ U.S. feared
to get dragged into mix.
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1789- Financial Crisis led to French People
rebelling against the government.
French Revolutionaries demanded
 1. liberty
 2. Equality
Americans supported the French Revolution – until
it had become violent.
1793- Revolutionaries executed both the King and
Queen of France.
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Washington wanted the U.S. to remain
Neutral
Great Britain main trading partner
Would crush the French Revolution – Liberty
Jefferson – was attacked by the Federalist for
support of France.
Resigned because tired of Washington always
taking Hamilton’s side.
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Jay’s treaty –British agreed to pay for
damaged vessels seized – U.S. Vessels
Thomas Pickney- Pickney’s treaty with Spain
Rights and travel freely on Mississippi River
U.S. goods could be stored in New Orleans
Port free of customs duties.
Spain accepted 31st parallel as Northern
boundary of Florida and southern boundary
of United States.
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More securely from European hostility- more
moving west
Washington not running for presidency again
divided the nation how to be governed.
John Adams: second president of the United
States
 XYZ Affair: 1797 incident in which French
officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats
 Alien and Sedition Acts: series of four laws
enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of
recent immigrants
 States Right: idea that the states have certain
rights that the federal government cannot
overrule.
 Nullification: idea that a state could cancel a
federal law within the state.
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: resolutions
passed by Kentucky and Virginia in 1798 giving
the states the right to declare act of Congress
null and void.
 Foreign Policy: relations with the government of
other nations
 Political party: group of people that tries to
promote it ideas and influence government
 Aliens: immigrants who are not yet citizens
 Sedition: stirring up a rebellion against a
government
 Federalists: people who supported a strong
national government and heirs to the supporters
of the ratification of the Constitution.
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Benjamin Banneker- surveyor- appointed by
Washington to planning new nation’s capital.
Remembered as one outstanding Americans
who helped the new republic.
(1789-1797) Washington Retires
1796- Washington decided two terms was
enough (Symbol of national unity)
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Thomas Paine: failed to support French
Revolution
Washington believed the political differences
would weaken nation.
Foreign Policy- relations with governments of
other countries.
Steer clean of permanent Alliances- Remain
Nuetral
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Growth of Political Parties
The differences between foreign and
domestic policies led to political parties.
Political Party: Group of people that tries to
promote ideas and influence a government a
government.
Jefferson / Madison- Founded democratic
republican party
Belief in Democracy and Republican System
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Hamilton founded – federalist party – strong
national government
Northern Merchant and Manufactures
John Adam’s Administration
 Held first election when political parties competed
 Federalist – President John Adams- Electoral
College (71)
 Democratic / Republican – Vice President Thomas
Jefferson (68)
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Relations between France and U.S. was tense
Britain and France still at war. (France begin
seizing and harassing our ships) 300 U.S. Ships
looted by France
John Adams sent people to speak to the French
in Paris.
The only way to speak to Prime Minister to loan
10 million dollars to France (Pay 250,000 to
Prime Minister)
XYZ Affair-
Conflict with France made Adams Federalist popular
with the public.
 Democratic- Republic party blasted Adams over
France and conflict.
 Alien- Sedition Act- Aliens or immigrants who were
not citizens yet.
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 Waiting period 5 years to was 14 years
 Arrest suspicious aliens or deport them during wartime
 Outlawed sedition or stirring up rebellion agaisnt a
government.
 Democratic- Republic newspaper editions were jailed for
comments towards government- This helped Federalist
clamp down help silence their opposition.
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Jefferson and Madison – Looked for a way to fight
Alien and Sedition Acts
They found in theory States have certain rights that
federal government cant overrule.
Nullification- The idea that states could nullify or
cancel an act of Congress that is considered
unconstitutional.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- warned dangers
that the Alien and Sedition Acts posed to a
government of checks and balances as these checks
and balances guaranteed by the constitution.
Whole democratic republican parties is control of
Congress reversed the act or let it expire.
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Finally peace with France – Adams talks with
France decided sign the Convention of 1800 –
to stop naval attacks.
French and Americans to fail oceans with
peace
Adams not a favorite with Federalists after
this decision
1st President in the new capital – Washington
D.C.
Lost Presidential campaign to Thomas
Jefferson (1800)