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Ch. 10 Launching the Nation
(7th)
Section One:
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The electoral college was a group selected by state legislatures to
represent the popular vote in determining the winner of presidential
elections.
George Washington was chosen as America’s first president because of
his character, honesty, and patriotism.
Washington accepted the presidency in 1789 because he felt it was his
duty to serve his country, despite his lack of political experience.
The first vice-president of the United States was John Adams.
Republican Motherhood was the idea that women played an important role
in teaching their children to be good citizens. This concept spread in the
United States because of people like Judith Sargent Murray who wrote
newspaper essays promoting education for young women, and some
Republicans, such as Dr. Benjamin Rush, also supported the Republican
Motherhood, Abigail Adams also hoped that women would be included in
the democratic movement of the period.
An action or decision that later serves as an example—precedent.
The Judiciary Act created a federal court system with three levels.
Congress created the executive departments, and Washington selected
their leaders.
Congress organized the government’s judicial branch in 1789 because the
Constitution’s requirements for the branch were not specific.
John Jay of New York and Edmund Randolph of Virginia were the nation’s
first chief justice and attorney general.
Washington’s first secretary of state and secretary of war brought
experience to their cabinet positions—one served as ambassador to
France and the other as a general in the Continental Army.
Section Two:
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Certificates that represent money owed to private citizens—bonds.
As the nation’s first secretary of the treasury, Hamilton’s biggest challenge
was paying off the national debt.
Investors who bought many bonds at low prices in the hope that the value
would rise later--Speculators.
Hamilton’s plan for debt assumption was controversial because he wanted
the federal government to pay the states’ war expenses.
Hamilton believed in a strong central government, while Jefferson wanted
to protect the powers of the states.
Hamilton encouraged the states to charter their own banks to prevent the
national bank from having a monopoly.
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Thomas Jefferson supported strict construction, meaning that the federal
government should do only what the Constitution specifically said it could
do.
Alexander Hamilton supported loose construction, meaning that the
federal government could take actions that the Constitution did not
specifically forbid.
Section Three:
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During the French Revolution, the people of France overthrew the French
monarchy and replaced it with a republic.
The question of whether the United States should support the French
republic became more complex when France declared war on Great
Britain.
Jay’s Treaty resolved differences between the United States and Great
Britain.
Pinckney’s Treaty resolved differences between the United States and
Spain.
Most Americans favored Pinckney’s Treaty over Jay’s Treaty because
Pinckney’s Treaty opened the western frontier to further expansion.
The right of deposit allowed American boats to transfer their goods at New
Orleans without paying fees on their cargo.
Section Four:
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After Indian tribes from the Ohio Valley formed a confederation, they
demanded a new treaty from the U.S. Government. The U.S. rejected the
Indians’ treaty offers, resulting in fighting that soon swept through the
Northwest Territory.
The Treaty of Greenville gave the United States access to Indian lands
and guaranteed safe travel for U.S. citizens crossing the Indian Territory.
Shortly before the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Little Turtle lost the support of
his British allies.
Some great threats to the republic that Washington named in his Farewell
Address were: public debt, dangerous foreign alliances, and political
divisions at home.
Section Five:
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Political parties are groups that organize to help elect government officials
and to influence government policies.
The presidential campaign of 1796 began a new era in U.S. politics
because the campaign included more than one candidate.
In 1796 and 1800 Hamilton attempted to sabotage the presidential
campaign of John Adams.
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“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” became the rallying cry
of the American people during the XYZ affair.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were opposed by Madison and Jefferson who
wrote the Virginia Resolutions and the Kentucky Resolutions.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions declared that state governments
could ignore any federal laws that they found to be unconstitutional.
The 12th Amendment created a separate ballot for president and vicepresident.