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Peace of Westphalia
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Peace of Westphalia
Peace of Westphalia
Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster
Ratification of the Peace of Münster (Gerard ter Borch, Münster, 1648)
Type
Peace treaty
Drafted
1646-1648
Signed
15 May - 24 October 1648
Location
Osnabrück and Münster, Westphalia, modern-day Germany
Parties
109
The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and
Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years'
War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the
Dutch Republic.
The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, of the House of Habsburg, the
Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy Roman
Empire, and sovereigns of the free imperial cities and can be denoted by two major events.
• The signing of the Peace of Münster[1] between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain on 30 January
1648, officially ratified in Münster on 15 May 1648.
• The signing of two complementary treaties on 24 October 1648, namely:
• The Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM),[2] concerning the Holy Roman Emperor
and France and their respective allies.
• The Treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO),[3] concerning the Holy Roman Emperor,
the Empire and Sweden and their respective allies.
The treaties resulted from the big diplomatic congress,[4][5] thereby initiating a new system of political order in
central Europe, later called Westphalian sovereignty, based upon the concept of a sovereign state governed by a
sovereign and establishing a prejudice in international affairs against interference in another nation's domestic
business. The treaty not only signalled the end of the perennial, destructive wars that had ravaged Europe, it also
represented the triumph of sovereignty over empire, of national rule over the personal writ of the Habsburgs. The
treaties’ regulations became integral to the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire.
The treaties did not restore the peace throughout Europe, however. France and Spain remained at war for the next
eleven years. But the peace of Westphalia at least created a basis for national self-determination.
Peace of Westphalia
Locations
Peace negotiations between France and the Habsburgs, provided by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Spanish King,
were to be started in Cologne in 1636. These negotiations were blocked by France.
Cardinal Richelieu of France desired the inclusion of all its allies, whether sovereign or a state within the Holy
Roman Empire. In Hamburg and Lübeck, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire negotiated the Treaty of Hamburg.
This was done with the intervention of Richelieu.
The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden declared the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg to be
preliminaries of an overall peace agreement. This larger agreement was to be negotiated in Westphalia, in the
neighbouring cities of Münster and Osnabrück. Both cities were to be maintained as neutral and demilitarized zones
for the negotiations. Münster was, since its re-Catholization in 1535, a strictly mono-denominational community. It
housed the Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. Only Roman Catholic worship was permitted. No places of
worship were provided for Calvinists and Lutherans.
Osnabrück was a bidenominational Lutheran and Catholic city, with two Lutheran and two Catholic churches for its
mostly Lutheran burghers and exclusively Lutheran city council and the Catholic Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric of
Osnabrück with pertaining other clergy and also other Catholic inhabitants. In the years of 1628-1633 Osnabrück had
been subjugated by troops of the Catholic League. The Catholic Prince-Bishop Franz Wilhelm, Count of Wartenberg
then imposed the Counter-Reformation onto the city with many Lutheran burgher families being exiled. While under
following Swedish occupation Osnabrücks's Catholics were not expelled, but the city severely suffered from
Swedish war contributions. Therefore Osnabrück hoped for a great relief becoming neutralised and demilitarised.
Both cities strove for more autonomy, aspiring to become Free Imperial Cities, so they welcomed the neutrality
imposed by the peace negotiations, and the prohibition of all political influence by the warring parties including their
overlords, the prince-bishops.
Since Lutheran Sweden preferred Osnabrück as a conference venue, its peace negotiations with the Empire,
including the allies of both sides, took place in Osnabrück. The Empire and its opponent France, including the allies
of each, as well as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and its opponent Spain (and their respective allies)
negotiated in Münster.[6]
Delegations
The peace negotiations had no exact beginning and ending, because the participating total of 109 delegations never
met in a plenary session, but dropped in between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. Between January
1646 and July 1647 probably the largest number of diplomats were present. Delegations had been sent by 16
European states, sixty-six Imperial States, representing the interests of a total of 140 involved Imperial States, and 27
interest groups, representing the interests of a variety of a total of 38 groups.[7]
• The French delegation was headed by Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville and further comprised the diplomats
Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien.
• The Swedes plenipotentiaries sent Johan Oxenstierna, the son of chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, and Johan Adler
Salvius.
• The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff;
in Münster, his aides were Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, his
team comprised Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and Reichshofrat Johann Krane, a lawyer.
• The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán, and besides included the diplomats and
writers Diego de Saavedra Fajardo, and Bernardino de Rebolledo.
• The papal nuntius in Cologne, Fabio Chigi, and the Venetian envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators.
• Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations.
• Brandenburg sent several representatives, including Vollmar and Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal.
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Peace of Westphalia
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• The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands sent a delegation of six (including two delegates from the province
of Holland (Adriaan Pauw) and Willem Ripperda from one of the other provinces;[8] two provinces were not
present).
• Johann Rudolf Wettstein, the mayor of Basel, represented the Old Swiss Confederacy.
Results
Internal political boundaries
The power taken by Ferdinand III in
contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's
constitution was stripped and returned to the
rulers of the Imperial States. This
rectification allowed the rulers of the
Imperial States to independently decide their
religious worship. Protestants and Catholics
were redefined as equal before the law, and
Calvinism was given legal recognition.[9][10]
The Holy See was very displeased at the
settlement, with Pope Innocent X in Zelo
Domus Dei reportedly calling it "null, void,
invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable,
reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and
effect for all time".[11]
A simplified map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
Tenets
The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia
were:
• All parties would recognize the Peace of
Augsburg of 1555, in which each prince
would have the right to determine the
religion of his own state, the options
being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and
now Calvinism (the principle of cuius
regio, eius religio).[9][10]
• Christians living in principalities where
their denomination was not the
Historical map
established church were guaranteed the
right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.[9]
• General recognition of the exclusive sovereignty of each party over its lands, people, and agents abroad, and each
and
Peace of Westphalia
several responsibility for the warlike acts
of any of its citizens or agents. Issuance
of unrestricted letters of marque and
reprisal to privateers was forbidden.
There were also territorial adjustments:
• The independence of the Netherlands and
Switzerland from the Empire was
formally recognized; these territories had
enjoyed de facto independence for
decades.
• The majority of the Peace's terms can be
attributed to the work of Cardinal
Mazarin, the de facto leader of France at
the time (the king, Louis XIV, being a
child). Not surprisingly, France came out
Holy Roman Empire in 1648.
of the war in a far better position than
any of the other participants. France won control of the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, and
the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (but not Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, or Mülhausen).
• Sweden received an indemnity of five million talers, used primarily to pay her troops.[12] Sweden further received
Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden
as hereditary fiefs, thus gaining a seat and vote in the imperial diet (Reichstag) as well as in the respective circle
diets (Kreistag) of the Upper Saxon, Lower Saxon and Westphalian circles.[13] However, the wording of the
treaties was ambiguous:
• Whether or not the city of Bremen was included in Swedish Bremen-Verden remained disputed. Facing the
Swedish take-over, Bremen had claimed Imperial immediacy, which was granted by the emperor and thus
separated the city from the surrounding bishopric with the same name. Sweden understood that Bremen was
nevertheless to be ceded to her, and started the Swedish-Bremen wars in 1653/54.[14]
• The treaty also delegated the determination of the Swedish-Brandenburgian border in the Duchy of Pomerania
to the parties. At Osnabrück, both Sweden and Brandenburg had claimed the whole duchy, which had been
under Swedish control since 1630 despite legal claims of Brandenburgian succession. While the parties settled
for a border in 1653, the underlying conflict continued.[15]
• The treaty ruled that the Dukes of Mecklenburg, owing their re-investiture to the Swedes, cede Wismar and the
Mecklenburgian port tolls. While Sweden understood this to include the tolls of all Mecklenburgian ports, the
Mecklenburgian dukes as well as the emperor understood this to refer to Wismar only.[15]
• Wildeshausen, a petty exclave of Bremen-Verden and fragile basis for Sweden's seat in the Westphalian circle
diet, was also claimed by the Bishopric of Münster.[15]
• Bavaria retained the Palatinate's vote in the Imperial Council of Electors (which elected the Holy Roman
Emperor), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The Prince Palatine,
Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote.
• The Palatinate was divided between the re-established Elector Palatine Charles Louis (son and heir of Frederick
V) and Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, and thus between the Protestants and Catholics. Charles Louis
obtained the Lower Palatinate, along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north of
Bavaria.
• Brandenburg-Prussia (later Prussia) received Farther Pomerania, and the Bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt,
Kammin, and Minden.
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Peace of Westphalia
• The succession to the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who had died out in 1609, was clarified. Jülich,
Berg, and Ravenstein were given to the Count Palatine of Neuburg, while Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg went to
Brandenburg.
• It was agreed that the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück would alternate between Protestant and Catholic holders,
with the Protestant bishops chosen from cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
• The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified.
• Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and "a degree" of free navigation was
guaranteed on the Rhine.[16]
References
[1] "Original text in Dutch National Archives" (http:/ / beeldbank. nationaalarchief. nl/ na:col1:dat515773). beeldbank.nationaalarchief.nl. .
[2] "Digital German text Treaty of Münster" (http:/ / www. lwl. org/ westfaelische-geschichte/ portal/ Internet/ finde/ langDatensatz.
php?urlID=741& url_tabelle=tab_quelle). lwl.org. .
[3] "Digital German text Treaty of Osnabrück" (http:/ / www. lwl. org/ westfaelische-geschichte/ portal/ Internet/ finde/ langDatensatz.
php?urlID=740& url_tabelle=tab_quelle). lwl.org. .
[4] "Principles of the State System" (http:/ / faculty. unlv. edu/ gbrown/ westernciv/ wc201/ wciv2c10/ wciv2c10lsec2. html). Faculty.unlv.edu. .
Retrieved 2012-09-11.
[5] "Information from city of Münster" (http:/ / www. muenster. de/ en/ peace_of_westphalia. php). Muenster.de. . Retrieved 2012-09-11.
[6] Konrad Repgen, 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In: 1648: War and Peace in
Europe: 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling
(eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1:
Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355-372, here pp. 355seq.
[7] Konrad Repgen, 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In: 1648: War and Peace in
Europe: 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling
(eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1:
Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355-372, here p. 356.
[8] Sonnino, Paul. "Mazarin's quest: the Congress of Westphalia and the coming of the Fronde" (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=eu8Lb7ZuayEC& pg=PA119& lpg=PA119& dq=Clant+ Ripperda+ Pauw& source=bl& ots=_uVycVA9uW&
sig=LQ8AaZ0mXqxQL0UKHxv-oK0gKz8& hl=en& ei=OnWdTujsL8PpOfilxIMJ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&
sqi=2& ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=Clant Ripperda Pauw& f=false). .
[9] Treaty of Münster 1648
[10] Barro, R. J. and McCleary, R. M.. "Which Countries have State Religions?" (http:/ / economics. uchicago. edu/ download/
state_religion_03-03. pdf). University of Chicago. p. 5. . Retrieved 7 November 2006.
[11] Larry Jay Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Philip J. Costopoulo (2005). World religions and democracy.
[12] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in
German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 35. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.
[13] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in
German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 36. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.
[14] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in
German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 37. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.
[15] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in
German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 38. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.
[16] Gross, Leo (1948). "The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948". American Journal of International Law 42 (1): 20–41 [p. 25].
doi:10.2307/2193560.
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Peace of Westphalia
External links
• Treaty of Münster Text (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westphal.asp) (Yale University)
• Texts of the Westphalian Treaties (http://www.pax-westphalica.de) (German)
• Peace Of Westphalia - Firmly Plants Protestantism in Europe (http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/
peace-westphalia/)
• High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia (http://bss.sfsu.edu/jacksonc/germany_1648.
htm)
• Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text) (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.
php?tab=que&ID=740)
• Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text) (http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.
php?tab=que&ID=741)
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Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Peace of Westphalia Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=511795570 Contributors: -- April, 205.180.71.xxx, 2deseptiembre, 6SJ7, A E Francis, A. Parrot, ADM, AMuseo,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:The Ratification of the Treaty of Munster, Gerard Ter Borch (1648).jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Munster,_Gerard_Ter_Borch_(1648).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnRo0002, Kameraad Pjotr,
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File:Europe map 1648.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europe_map_1648.PNG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: AnRo0002, Badseed,
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File:Europe 1648 westphal 1884.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europe_1648_westphal_1884.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Robert H. Labberton
File:Holy Roman Empire 1648.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
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