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Myth Collage Name________________ Period______ ■ What myth did you research and illustrate? ■ What part of the myth are you showing? ■ How does your collage show a contemporary interpretation of the myth? Humanism Triggers the Renaissance! Humanism A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized human potential to attain excellence. + Promoted direct study of the literature, art, and civilization of classical Greece and Rome The Humanities! The philosophy that people are rational beings – humans have beauty, worth and dignity. Shift from FAITH REASON Before Humanism – Medieval Primary Focus = Church and Religion Faith – unquestioning Thinking – about God, the afterworld, the saints Events - significance of phenomenon ultimately determined through uniform points of view Decline of the power of the church in 14th C. WHY? 1.Bubonic plague • • Disenchantment with the spiritual Search for other explanations besides the spiritual for human suffering 2.Economic Markets • • Money through trade City-states rose in power and were governed more by economy than religious restrictions (church too rigid and “stuffy”) 3.Feudalism • System questioned Feudalism Economic political system that prevailed in Europe from about the 9th-15th Centuries Humanism Video - Student Made Reasons for the Decline of Feudalism The Bubonic Plague - reduced population – labor more valuable The Peasants Revolt Peasants realized their worth and demanded changes. Charters were granted, but ignored by nobles. More trade saw the growth of more towns. Peasants moved away from the country into towns, and they were eventually allowed to buy their freedom Land was rented and the rights of lords over labor decreased. Unpopular Nobles preferred to pay the King rather than to fight and raise troops Armed men were paid a wage and Medieval warfare was financed by taxes and loans. Nobles became weaker - Kings took back their lands and power. Centralized government established Characteristics ■ Revival of antiquity - Ancient Greece & Rome ■ Belief in human potential and the individual ■ Embraced the physical (natural) world ■ ■ ■ Embrace VIRTÚ - “the quality of being a man” and idea of excelling in all pursuits Believed in education of the young and guidance of adults (even rulers) in philosophical poetry + rhetoric (Medieval period – clergy monopolized education) Examined philosophy and perceived experience – led to rise of modern social science Humanism in Visual Arts Realism + Natural World Classicism + Human body Human-centredness + Sought to dignify humans + Individual / Self Inquiry + Human Emotions Art as Philosophy + Humanists ideas were translated by the artists + symbols, structures, postures, and colors convey messages LIBERAL ARTS 7 liberal arts, two groups of studies Just like HHS! •Trivium: grammar, dialectic (logic), and rhetoric •Quadrivium: arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy liberal arts Latin word liberalis "appropriate for free men” (social and political elites) In contrast with the servile arts, specialized tradesman skills and knowledge needed by persons who were employed by the elite. Petrarch – Father of Humanism b. 1304, Francesco Petrarca Philosopher and Poet “Father of Modern Italian Language” “First Modern Man” Studied law then the classics – one of the world’s first classical scholars Discovered lost ancient Roman texts – transcribed, edited, and made them available to people Florence, Italy Humanist approach to politics Florence had many humanists, led by historian Leonardo Bruni. At this time, Florence was extremely patriotic and frequently attacked by Milan, a rival city-state. Florence applied classical teachings and used them to help solve their current problems. They found in the ancient Roman literature a love of country and then applied the patriotism to their current problems. Leonardo Bruni + secretary to papal chancery + served as chancellor of Florence from 1427 until his death in 1444 ■ ■ ■ First to use term ‘humanism’ First “modern historian” Writes first history of Florence Historiarum Florentini populi libri XII (“Twelve Books of Histories of the Florentine People”) Pico della Mirandola Authored Oration on the Dignity of Man ■ ■ ■ Most famous Renaissance work on nature of humankind Humans created by God and given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it Humans could also choose negative course. Thus, humans had FREE WILL to be great or fail. Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus, after 1482, tempera on canvas ■ Mythological and based on a Neo-Platonist Poem of ideal beauty ■ First female nude since antiquity - modest Venus pose ■ Controversial because of nudity and pagan theme (some condemned this type of work) Sandro Botticelli, La Primavera ("Allegory of Spring”) 1477-78; tempera painted on panel for the villa of Lorenzo de' Medici Identify features of Renaissance art and humanism in this painting.