Download SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1: Preventive Services Recommended for

SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1: Preventive Services Recommended for Children Ages 2-5 Years with Sickle Cell Disease
Preventive
service
Antibiotic
prophylaxis
Efficacy
63% reduction in invasive
pneumococcal disease3
American Academy of Pediatrics
recommendation (2002)1
Twice daily; initiated by 2 months of age &
continued until at least 5 years of age for all
children with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) and
hemoglobin S0-thalassemia (HbS0)4
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
recommendation (2002)2
Twice daily; initiated by 2 months of age &
continued until at least 5 years of age for all
children with HbSS, HbS0, and HbSC
Children with SCD:
Immunogenic8-11 &
safe;11,12 efficacy unknown
Influenza
immunization
Transcranial
Doppler
screening
All children:
59-93% efficacious against
symptomatic, culturepositive influenza13-17
Relative risk of stroke
among children with
abnormal TCDa = 44 [95%
confidence interval = 5.5346] compared to children
with normal TCD24
Transfusion of children
with abnormal TCDs every
3-4 weeks reduced
incidence of stroke by
92%25
a) transcranial Doppler
Previously reported
compliance
Young children:
41-55% of days
covered)5,6
Infants:
40% filled antibiotic
prescription in first 12
weeks of life7
Children with SCD:
20%
(adolescents only)20
Annually18,19
Annually
All children:
39-46%21-23
No specific recommendation26
“Children at highest risk of stroke can be
identified by screening with [TCD]
ultrasonography. Those with positive
findings on TCD ultrasonography may be
candidates for primary stroke prevention
with chronic transfusions.”
Health maintenance (age 1-5 years): “TCD
ultrasonography may be indicated.”
At least annually
“TCD screening of children with SCD-SS
[and SCD-S0] is recommended to start at 2
years of age and continue annually if TCD is
normal and every 4 months if TCD is
marginal.”
45-68% screened
annually27,28
42% at least once during
a 13-year study
window29
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Health supervision for children with sickle cell disease. Pediatrics. 2002;109(3):526-535.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Blood Diseases and Resources. The Management of Sickle Cell Disease. Bethesda, MD: National
Institutes of Health; 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-2117.
Hirst C, Owusu-Ofori S. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2012;9:CD003427.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Policy statement: recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections,
including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics. 2000;106(2
Pt 1):362-366.
Sox CM, Cooper WO, Koepsell TD, DiGiuseppe DL, Christakis DA. Provision of pneumococcal prophylaxis for publicly insured children with sickle cell
disease. JAMA. 2003;290(8):1057-1061.
Patel NG, Lindsey T, Strunk RC, DeBaun MR. Prevalence of daily medication adherence among children with sickle cell disease: a 1-year retrospective
cohort analysis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55(3):554-556.
Warren MD, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, et al. Adherence to prophylactic antibiotic guidelines among Medicaid infants with sickle cell disease. Arch Pediatr
Adolesc Med. 2010;164(3):298-299.
Glezen WP, Glezen LS, Alcorn R. Trivalent, inactivated influenza virus vaccine in children with sickle cell disease. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137(11):10951097.
Steinberg E, Overturf GD, Portnoy B, Powars DR, Boyer KM, Cherry JD. Serologic and clinical response of children with sickle cell disease to bivalent
influenza A split virus vaccine. J Pediatr. 1978;92(5):823-825.
Long CB, Ramos I, Rastogi D, et al. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to monovalent 2009 influenza A/H1N1 and seasonal trivalent influenza
vaccines in high-risk children. J Pediatr. 2012;160(1):74-81.
Souza AR, Braga JA, de Paiva TM, Loggetto SR, Azevedo RS, Weckx LY. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a virosome influenza vaccine compared to
split influenza vaccine in patients with sickle cell anemia. Vaccine. 2010;28(4):1117-1120.
Hambidge SJ, Ross C, Glanz J, et al. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is not associated with sickle cell crises in children. Pediatrics.
2012;129(1):e54-59.
Neuzil KM, Dupont WD, Wright PF, Edwards KM. Efficacy of inactivated and cold-adapted vaccines against influenza A infection, 1985 to 1990: the
pediatric experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(8):733-740.
Hoberman A, Greenberg DP, Paradise JL, et al. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing acute otitis media in young children: a
randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290(12):1608-1616.
Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl
J Med. 1998;338(20):1405-1412.
Belshe RB, Gruber WC. Prevention of otitis media in children with live attenuated influenza vaccine given intranasally. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(5
Suppl):S66-71.
Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Harnden A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2008(2):CD004879.
Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2012-2013. Pediatrics. 2012;130(4):780-792.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Influenza. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on
Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:439-53.
Britto MT, Garrett JM, Dugliss MA, Johnson CA, Majure JM, Leigh MW. Preventive services received by adolescents with cystic fibrosis and sickle cell
disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(1):27-32.
Setse RW, Euler GL, Gonzalez-Feliciano AG, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage - United States, 2000-2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60 Suppl:3841.
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29.
Influenza vaccination coverage estimates from the March 2011 National Flu Survey, United States, 2010-11 influenza season. Available online at:
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/professionals/vaccination/fluvacsurvey.pdf. Last accessed March 6, 2012.
Smith PJ, Singleton JA, National Center for I, Respiratory D, Centers for Disease C, Prevention. County-level trends in vaccination coverage among
children aged 19-35 months - United States, 1995-2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(4):1-86.
Adams R, McKie V, Nichols F, et al. The use of transcranial ultrasonography to predict stroke in sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(9):605-610.
Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial
Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):5-11.
Sox C. Health supervision for children with sickle cell disease. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):710-711; author reply 710-711.
Raphael JL, Shetty PB, Liu H, Mahoney DH, Mueller BU. A critical assessment of transcranial doppler screening rates in a large pediatric sickle cell
center: Opportunities to improve healthcare quality. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008.
Eckrich MJ, Wang WC, Yang E, et al. Adherence to transcranial Doppler screening guidelines among children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood
Cancer. 2012.
Armstrong-Wells J, Grimes B, Sidney S, et al. Utilization of TCD screening for primary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell disease. Neurology.
2009;72(15):1316-1321.