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•Mutation = change in the genetic material of a cell. *Point mutation = changes in just one or a few base pairs. Point mutation - substitution Sickle Cell Anemia QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia After the hemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some of them may cluster together and form long, rodlike structures. These structures cause the red blood cells to become stiff and to assume a sickle shape. Unlike normal red cells, which are usually smooth and donut-shaped, the sickled red cells cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. Instead, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive the organs and tissue of oxygen-carrying blood. This process produces the periodic episodes of pain and ultimately can damage the tissues and vital organs insertion/deletion Frameshift - may be an insertion or deletion of several base pairs causing a misreading of the mRNA during translation QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.