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Pea In Your Genes Gregor Mendel • Liked to play with pea plants. • Father of Genetics • Noted passing of traits from parents to offspring – heredity • Study of heredity - Genetics • A single trait can be expressed (shown) in different ways. • Allele is the different representation of the same trait. Ex. Seed color: Yellow or Green • Yellow is one Allele for Seed Color • Green is another Allele Genotype & Phenotype • Genotype – “code” for a trait. Letters we use. Ex. Yy • Phenotype – what you actually see. • Yellow peas – Use Y to represent Yellow • Green peas – Use y to represent Green Yellow and Green Peas Genotype • YY – Yellow – Homozygous Dominant • Yy – Yellow - Heterozygous • yy – Green –Homozygous Recessive Phenotype The ONLY way a recessive trait is EVER seen is if the GENOTYPE is Homozygous Recessive – or yy. Three different Genotypes but Two Colors. Why? • YY – Yellow • Yy – Yellow • yy - Green • Dominant Allele – rep. by a capital letter – Y • Recessive Allele – rep. by a lowercase letter - y Dominant Alleles OVER POWER Recessive Alleles • YY – Homozygous Yellow • Yy – Heterozygous Yellow • yy – Homozygous Green Complete Dominance • Dominant Allele completely masks recessive allele. Incomplete Dominance • Incomplete dominance = one allele is not completely dominant over the other. Codominance • Codominance= condition in which both alleles for a gene are expressed when present What to know: Mitosis • Cells begin and end 2N • Be able to know, draw, and recognize EACH step. • Know what the “Big Event” of each step is. Ex. Metaphase – line up middle Cross-Over • Increases Genetic Variety What to know: Meiosis • Prophase I – ONLY stage where Cross-Over occurs • Meiosis begins 2N and ends 1N • Be able to know, draw, recognize EACH stage of Meiosis. • Know what the “Big Event” of each step is. How do alleles pass from parent to child? • Punnett Squares • What if you cross a Homozygous Yellow Pea (YY) with a Homozygous Green Pea (yy)? 100% Heterozygous Yellow Peas 25% Homozygous Yellow 50% Heterozygous Yellow 25% Homozygous Green Genotype Ratio: 1:2:1 Incomplete and Complete Dominance Complete Dominance • Dominant Allele completely masks recessive allele. Incomplete Dominance • Incomplete dominance = one allele is not completely dominant over the other. Codominance • Codominance= condition in which both alleles for a gene are expressed when present Dihybrid Cross 1. Start with FOIL 2. Put results of FOIL for parent one at top 3. Put results of FOIL for parent two to the left 4. Distribute like monohybrid cross. FOIL • First • Outside • Inside • Last Always results in a 9:3:3:1 Ratio!!!