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Some Terms and Definitions • Ecosystems: A grouping of plants, animals, and microbes occupying an explicit unit of space and interacting with each other and their environment. • Ecotone: Transitional region between different ecosystems. Ecosystems: A Description • Biotic communities: grouping or assemblage of plants, animals, and microbes. • Species: different kinds of plants, animals, and microbes in the community. • Populations: number of individuals that make up the interbreeding, reproducing group. • Associations: how a biotic community fits into the landscape. Ecotones on Land • Shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems • May also include unique conditions that support distinctive plant and animal species Terrestrial-to-Aquatic-System Ecotone • Shares many of the species and characteristics of both ecosystems • May also include unique conditions that support distinctive plant and animal species Interrelationships Between Ecosystem Components “Everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse” Interrelationships Example abiotic x abiotic temperature and rainfall = climate abiotic x biotic water temperature predicts fish species biotic x abiotic human pollution of the environment biotic x biotic predator/prey relationships, life cycles, trophic levels The Structure of Ecosystems • Trophic categories • Trophic relationships: food chains, food webs, trophic levels. • Nonfeeding relationships: symbiosis • Abiotic factors Autotrophs = Producers = Self feeders Consumers = Heterotrophs • Primary consumers = herbivores = rabbit: eat plant material • Secondary consumers = carnivores = predators = coyotes: prey are herbivores and other animals. Consumers = Heterotrophs • Parasites = predator = either plant or animal: prey are plants or animals. Detritus Food Web Trophic Categories Trophic Relationships: Food Chain Third-order Consumer Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer Match Organisms with Trophic Level(s) Trophic Levels Organisms Secondary Consumer ThirdOrder Consumer Snakes X X Owls X X X X Plants Producer X Rabbits Bacteria Primary Consumer X X X Match Trophic Categories with Trophic Level(s) Trophic Levels Category Autotrophs Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Third-Order Consumer X X X X X X X X X Herbivores X Carnivores Omnivores Parasites X Trophic Relationships Among Producers and Consumers Food Webs = Food Chain Interrelationships Trophic Level Energy Flow Third-order Consumer 1Kcal - 10x Secondary Consumer 10 Kcal - 10x Primary Consumer 100 Kcal - 100x Producer 10,000 Kcal Biomass Pyramid Trophic Levels: Pyramid of Biomass 5 4 3 2 1 Which level is occupied by: producers? primary consumers? secondary consumers? third-order consumers? Trophic Levels: Pyramid of Energy 5 4 3 2 1 Which level is occupied by: producers? primary consumers? secondary consumers? third-order consumers? Nutrient Cycles and Energy Flow HW Questions (answer these 5 questions in a Word doc and bring the word doc to next class (do not submit or email it)! • Q1. How are “ecotone” and “environmental gradient” similar or different? Explain your answer. • Q2. Answer the questions presented in Slide 20 and Slide 21 of this PPT • Q3. What is the difference between the biotic community and the abiotic environmental factors of an ecosystem? » See next slide for more questions » (always refer to your Pearson IB textbook p. 14-20 while answering) HW questions (Contd) • Q4. Define and compare the terms species, population, association, and ecosystem. • Q6. Compared with an ecosystem, what are an ecotone, landscape, biome, and biosphere? • Q7. Identify and describe the biotic and the abiotic components of the ecosystem such as the Gulshan Lake that is a part of your community. • Q8. Name and describe the roles of the three main trophic categories that make up the biotic structure of every ecosystem. Give examples of organisms from each category.