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Active transport process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient that uses energy (ATP) Aerobic respiration Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen Anaerobic respiration/fermentation ATP Chemical reactions that do NOT require the presence of oxygen (Adenosine triphosphate) energy-storing molecule in cells Basic unit of all organisms Cell Cellular respiration Cell Wall Chemosynthesis Chloroplasts Diffusion Chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP Firm, fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane; provides support and protection process some bacteria use to make food Chlorophyll-containing cell organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Type of protein found in all living things that increases the rate of chemical reactions. Catalysts Enzymes Sugar, building block of carbohydrates Glucose Lactic acid fermentation Process in animal cells used to make energy when they run out of oxygen, causes muscle fatigue Lipid Organic compounds commonly called fats and oils; used by cells for long-term energy storage, in membranes Mitochondria Eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transforms energy stored in food molecules into ATP Organic compound Compounds that contain Carbon Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low Passive transport Movement of particles across cell membranes without the use of energy pH Measure of how acidic or basic a solution is Photosynthesis Process by which autotrophs trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars (glucose) Polymer Large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together Polysaccharide A carbohydrate consisting of many sugars Ribosome Nonmembrane-bound organelles where enzymes and other proteins are assembled Chlorophyll Vacuole Green pigment found in chloroplast used in photosynthesis Membrane-bound fluid-filled space in the cytoplasm of plant cells used for the temporary storage of materials Pasteur Proved that microorganisms appear only as contaminants from air and are not spontaneously generated Nucleic Acids RNA & DNA Eukaryote Cell with a nucleus & membrane bound organelles Prokaryote Cell without membrane bound organelles Hypothesis A testable explanation Control Portion of experiment that is used for comparison Independent variable X axis Dependent variable The part of the experiment that is changed by the person doing the investigation. The part of the experiment the person measures. y axis Nucleus Membrane bound organelle that contains genetic material & controls cell functions. Substrate Material on which the enzyme acts. Active Site The part of an enzyme substrates bind to. Carbohydrate Organic molecule used for quick energy; made of sugars. Tissue Group of cells working together Organ Group of tissues working together Organ system Group of organs working together Species Group of organisms that interbreed successfully in nature. Population Members of the same species living together Biotic factor Living parts of an ecosystem Reactants Things used in a chemical reaction Equilibrium Balanced conditions Binary fission Asexual reproduction of bacteria Haploid A cell with 1 set of chromosomes Diploid A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes Phospholipid Molecule with polar head & nonpolar tail found in plasma membranes Plasma membrane Bilayer of phospholipids and proteins surrounding a cell Homologous chromosomes Similar pair of chromosomes containing same genes Analogous structure Same function, but different parts Homologous structure Same parts, but different function Coevolution 2 species adapting to each other Divergent evolution 2 populations from 1 common ancestor forming 2 different species Camouflage Adaptation to help organism hide in its environment Mimicry Adaptation for 1 species to look like another species Allele Copy of a gene Test cross Amniocentesis Used to determine unknown genotype by breeding with a homozygous recessive A procedure for obtaining fetal cells by withdrawing a sample of fluid that surrounds a developing fetus using a hypodermic needle and syringe Trophic level Place in a food chain/web Symbiosis 2 species depending on each other Mutualism Symbiosis where both species benefit Parasitism Symbiosis where 1 species benefits and 1 is harmed Commensalism Symbiosis where 1 species benefits and the other is unaffected Autosome Chromosomes 1-21 that are the common in both males & females Anticodon Chromosomes Triplet of nucleotides in tRNA that recognizes and base pairs with a particular codon in mRNA Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells Convergent evolution Evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when unrelated species occupy similar environments Dihybrid cross A mating between two individuals that differ in two genetically-determined traits; ex. Wrinkled & green X smooth & yellow DNA DNA Fingerprinting Deoxyribonucleic acid; doublestranded polynucleotide comprised of deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, and 1 of 4 bases; genetic material in all organisms except certain viruses The pattern of DNA fragments produced after treating a sample of DNA with a particular restriction enzyme and separating the fragments by gel electrophoresis Dominant Observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait Down syndrome Genetic disorder in humans characterized by distinct facial appearance and mental retardation, resulting from an extra copy of the 21st chromosome Evolution Gradual accumulation of adaptations over time Gamete Sex cells, sperm and eggs Genetic engineering Method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA fragment into a host organism of the same or different species, usually bacteria/virus Genetics Branch of biology that studies heredity Heterozygous When there are two different alleles for a trait ex. Tt Homozygous When there are two identical alleles for a trait ex. TT or tt Karyotype Meiosis Mitosis mRNA Chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged according to length and location of the centromere; used to pinpoint unusual chromosome numbers in cells Type of cell division where one body cell produces 4 gametes; each containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent’s body cell Period of nuclear division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes; 1 body cell produces 2 body cells RNA that transports information from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm Mutation Any change or random error in a DNA sequence Nucleotide Pedigrees Phylogeny Subunits of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base A graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits Evolutionary history of a species based on comparative relationships of structures and comparisons of modern life forms with fossils Protein synthesis The process of making proteins using RNA to transcribe and translate DNA Recessive Trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait Sickle cell anemia A genetic disorder in which the beta globin genes of adult hemoglobin molecules contain an amino acid substitution which alters the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen Sex-linked XH Xh Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes Sexual reproduction Pattern of reproduction that involves the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells Somatic cell Body cell tRNA RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins Transcription Process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand Translation Vestigial organs Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein Body structure that has no function in a present day organism but was probably useful to an ancestor; provides evidence for evolution Darwin Founder of evolutionary theory- natural selection Father of genetics Mendel Watson & Crick Discovered structure of DNA Basic building blocks of protein molecules Amino acid Angiosperm Anthers Flowering plant ; any plant having its seeds surrounded by fruit tissue formed form the mature ovary of a flower Pollen-producing structure located at the tip of a flower’s stamen Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotic organism Cancer Uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme production in the cell cycle Carcinogen A cancer-containing agent Development All the changes that take place during the life of an organism A two-step way of classifying an organism Dichotomous key Exoskeleton Hard, waxy coating on the outside of some animals; provides support, protects soft body tissues, and provides a place for muscle attachment A triglyceride consisting of 3 fatty acids joined by a glycerol Fat Homeostasis Hormones Organism’s regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival Chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes a physiological change All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism Metabolism Nerve cells Neuron Phloem Phylum / phyla Pistils Vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars from the leaves to all parts of the plant The major taxonomic divisions in the animal kingdom Female reproduction structure of a flower,; bottom portion forms the ovary Multicellular, autotrophic organism able to manufacture food through photosynthesis Plant Pollen The male gametophyte of seed plants, comprised of a generative nucleus and a tube nucleus surrounded by a tough wall Pollination Protein Reflex Scientific name Homo sapiens Stomata Transfer of male pollen grains to the pistil of a flower Organic molecule made of amino acids Simple, automatic response in an animal that involves no conscious control; usually acts to protect and animal from serious injury A 2 part name of an organism that all scientists recognize Openings in the cuticle of a leaf epidermis that control gas exchange for respiration and photosynthesis Transpiration Virus Xylem Yeast In plants, the loss of water through leaf stomata by evaporation Disease-causing, nonliving particles composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid; replicate inside living cells called host cells Vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant Unicellular fungus that forms colonies similar to those of bacteria Charles Drew Blood bank Naturalist and father of taxonomy Linnaeus Abiotic factor Nonliving parts of an organism’s environment; temperature, moisture, light and soil are examples Acid precipitation Rain, snow, sleet, or fog with a pH below 7; causes deterioration of forest, lakes, statues, and buildings Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution in which ancestral species evolve into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats Autotroph Competition Consumers Decomposers Ecosystem Organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients Interaction among organisms that require the same resource. Heterotrophs in a biotic environment that feed on other organisms or organic wastes Organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms Interactions among populations in a community; the community’s physical surroundings, or abiotic factors Greenhouse effect Heterotroph Limiting factors Natural selection Primary succession The trapping of heat in the Earth’s troposphere, caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide near the Earth’s surface; the carbon dioxide is believed to act like a glass in a greenhouse, allowing light to reach the Earth, but not allowing heat to escape Organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms Mechanism for change in populations; occurs when organisms with certain variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation Colonization of new land that is exposed by avalanches, volcanoes, or glaciers by pioneer organism Producer Organism that uses the sun’s energy or chemical energy to make its own food Succession Orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that take place in ecosystem communities over time Ecology / Silent Spring Rachel Carson Behavior Courtship behavior Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment An instinctive behavior that males and females of a species carry out before mating Estivation State of reduced metabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intense heat Geotropism/gravitropism Plants response to gravity Hibernation Imprinting Innate behavior State of reduced metabolism occurring in animals that sleep though cold winter conditions; and animal’s temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rate declines Learned behavior in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object; usually occurs early in life and allows an animal to recognize its mother and others in its species An inherited, genetically based behavior in animals Instinct Photoperiodism Complex innate behavior pattern that begins when an animal recognizes a stimulus and performs an action until all parts of the behavior have been formed Flowering plant response to differences in the length of day and night The growth responses of a plant to light Phototropism Territoriality Thigmotropism Physical space an animal defends against other members of its species; may contain an animal’s breeding area, feeding area, potential mates, or all three Changes in plant growth stimulated by contact with another object; ex. Vines climbing on a fence Trial and error learning Type of learning in which an animal receives reward for making a particular response Behaviors / chimps Jane Goodall Pavlov Introduced classical conditioning with the use of dog- salivating to a bell Cell biology researcher, particularly the surface Ernest Just