Download Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds
Ch 4 Sec 2
• Organic Compounds
– Compounds that contain carbon
• Organic – “of living things”
– Made from living things
– Materials produced in labs & factories
– Part of solid matter of every organism on earth
– Have similar properties
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Melting points
Boiling points
Odor
Electrical conductivity
solubility
• Many organic compounds have low melting
points and low boiling points
– Liquids or gases at room temp.
• Strong odors
• Do NOT conduct electricity
• Many do not dissolve in water
• Hydrocarbons
– The simplest organic compound
– Contains only carbon and hydrogen
• Properties of Hydrocarbons
– Mix poorly with water
– Flammable
• When burn – release a great deal of energy
– Stoves, heaters cars, buses, airplanes
• Chemical formulas of hydrocarbons
– Differ in number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in
each molecule
• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane
• CH4
– Remember how to read chemical formulas
– How many atoms of each
• A hydrocarbon with 2 carbon atoms = ethane
• C2H6
• With 3 carbon atoms = propane
• C3H8
• Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
– Carbon chains in hydrocarbons
• Straight
• Branched
• Ring-shaped
• Structural formula
– Shows kind
– Number
– Arrangement of atoms
• Each dash (-) = bond
• Both ends of a dash are always connected to
something
methane CH4
H
H
C
H
H
Ethane C2H6
H
H
H C
C
H
H
H
Propane C3H8
H H H
H C C C H
H H H
• Isomers
– Compounds that have the same chemical formula
but different structural formulas
– Each isomer is a different substance with its own
characteristics
• C4H10 has two isomers butane & isobutane
• See figure 9 – p 130
– Double bonds & Triple bonds
• 2 carbon atoms can form double & triple bonds
• Can also form a single, double or triple bond with
oxygen
• Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
– Classification according to types of bonds
– Saturated hydrocarbons (filled up)
• Only single bonds it has max # of hydrogen atoms possible
– Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Fewer hydrogen atoms
– -ane = usually means saturated
– -ene or –yne is unsaturated
– Simplest unsaturated w/1 double bond=ethene (C2H4)
• Produced by fruits
• Helps to ripen
– Simplest w/1 triple bond = ethyne (C2H2)
• Acetylene  used for welding
• Substituted Hydrocarbons
– Atoms of other elements replace one or more
hydrogen atoms
– Carbon can bond with
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Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Members of halogen family
– If just one atom of another element is substituted
for one hydrogen atom, a different compound is
created!!!!
• Compounds containing halogens
– One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with
halogens
– Freon – CCl2F2 – used for refrig. and a/c – now
banned in the US – bad for the environment!!!
– Trichloroethane – C2H3Cl3 – still used in dry
cleaning – can cause severe health problems!
• Alcohols:
• OH = hydroxyl group
• Alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl group
• Alcohols:
– Dissolve well in water
– Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons with a
similar number of carbons
– Alcohol methanol – CH3OH
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Liquid at room temp.
Extremely toxic
Used to make plastics or synthetic fibers
Remove ice from airplanes
• A hydroxyl group for 1 hydrogen in ethane
– Resulting alcohol = ethanol (C2H5OH)
• Produced naturally by yeast or bacteria on the sugar
stored in corn, wheat , barley
• Good solvent for organic compounds that don’t dissolve in
water
• Added to gasoline = gasohol
• Used in medicines
• Found in alcoholic beverages
• Industrial ethanol – unsafe to drink- methanol added
= denatured alcohol
• Organic acids
– Substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or
more carboxyl groups
• Sour taste in fruit – citric acid
– Carboxyl group – COOH
• Acetic acid – CH3COOH –main ingredient in vinegar
• Malic acid – found in apples
• Formic acid – HCOOH – stinging feeling from plants &
ant bites
• Esters
– Compound made from combining alcohol & organic
acid
• Pleasant, fruity smell
– Smells in pineapples, apples, bananas, strawberries
– Found in medications, aspirin, anesthetic in dentist offices
• Polymers
– Very large molecule made of a chain of smaller
molecules bonded together
• Monomer – smaller particles
– Poly = many
– Mono = one
• Alcohols, esters, and other organic
compounds can be linked together to build
polymers with thousands or millions of atoms
• Natural polymers – come from living things
– Wool – sheep
– Silk – silkworms
– Cotton – seeds of cotton plants
• Synthetic polymers – made in factories
– Polyester, nylon, all plastics