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TERMINOLOGY Status Quo (definition): the existing state of affairs, especially regarding political and social issues ….and in what we are learning today, religious issues as well! Overview In these notes we are going to be looking at various historical events that challenged the European status quo prior the French Revolution: The Black Death The Reformation The Renaissance The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment Exploration and the American Revolution Prelude: the “Dark Ages” Often called ‘medieval’ as well The Roman Empire falls to German barbarians, this puts most of the Western world in disarray What results is a lot of fighting and wars and consequently not much time for literature, arts, and education NOTE: more recently historians are tending not to call this period in history the ‘dark ages’ and rather Late Middle Ages because new information is starting to show a more prosperous, less ‘dark’ period The Black Death (1347-1351) You’ll be learning more about this after you finish your Black Death manuscripts! The Reformation A Challenge to the Catholic Church (1500’s AD) Martin Luther Monk who became upset that the church was selling indulgences Do a quick search on indulgences and write a brief summary of what they are in your notes Started to question many of the teachings/doctrine of the Catholic Church 95 Theses Prepared 95 theses (points) against the Catholic Church in 1517 AD Through these theses concludes that faith and not good works or deeds led to salvation The Word Spreads… This document was copied (using the printing press!) and spread throughout Europe This grows in popularity and eventually creates a new domination, Lutheranism (the beginning of the Protestants) Protestantism Comes from the world “Protest” Describes Christians that broke away from the Catholic Church and founded churches in protest of Catholic practices The Protestants also disagreed amongst themselves which is why there is many denominations today! King Henry VIII Threw out the Catholic Church from England and created his own Church of England. This was later called the Anglican church Took power, land and money from the Catholic church but changed little in the belief system Puritans Puritans later leave the church and immigrate to America for religious freedom Why is the Protestant Reformation important? The Roman Catholic Church was a major part of medieval life ie. even if you weren’t a believer, you would still go to church and take part in all the ceremonies, etc. The Roman Catholic Church believed it was the only Church (at least in Europe) and when the Protestants challenged this, it was a huge shock Would eventually be the cause of wars as well… The Renaissance A Rescue from the Dark Ages (14th, 15th, 16th Centuries) Word Origins The word ‘renaissance’ comes from two French words, which combined together mean ‘rebirth’ What was the Renaissance? The rebirth of classical antiquity (looking back at the literature, architecture and art of ancient Greece, Rome, etc.) It is a period of vigorous artistic and intellectual activity Originated in Italy Changes in Art Renaissance art was concerned with the observation of the natural world and the communication of human emotions Went for a more realistic approach then symbolic in terms of paintings Architects started to look at older marvels (like the Pantheon) for inspiration Medieval Art TASK: As you look through the following slides, make note of the differences in art between the Medieval art style (the slide before) and the Renaissance art style (the two slides that follow this one) Renaissance Art Humanism Francesco Petrarch (1304-1474) was the father of humanism He wrote Latin epic poems and biographies about famous Romans Humanism Humanism is nurturing one self with secular* learning, liberal arts, etc. The focus switched from God and the Church to the study of man Advocated liberal art programs that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy *Secular is non-religious, and applicable to the here and now Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) A painter, scientist and a military engineer Dissected corpses to learn anatomy and was a self taught botanist As an artist he showed great skill in showing inner moods through complex facial expressions There is a theory that he used his own portrait to create the Mona Lisa—what do you think? Other Famous Renaissance Artists Raphael Santi Michelangelo Buonarotti Donatello Why is it the Renaissance important? The Renaissance is in many ways the beginning of modern day as we know it Humanism switches the focus from the study of God to the study of man Humanism also attempts to revitalize the classics, which in turn revitalizes education (gets Europe out of the Dark Ages) The Scientific Revolution 1500’s AD A light goes on in the Dark Ages… Revolutionary how? L’ Éclairissement The French Revolution session ii The Enlightenment A Philosopher giving a L ectureon theOrrer y in which a lamp isput in placeof theSun painting by Joseph Wright of D erby, ca 1766 Revolutionary in the sense that it changed how people looked at and investigated the world Tuesday, May 25, 2010 Key Ideas Heliocentric Model Sun is the center of the universe, not the earth Scientific Method Becomes the dominant means of investigating anything Faith versus Reason Begins the long conflict between science and religion
