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The High Middle Ages • 1000 - 1500 •1. The Crusades •2. Trade and Towns •3. Art and Culture of the Middle Ages •4. Challenges of the Late Middle Ages •During the High Middle Ages, many changes took place in Europe •Growth of trade brought about new business practices and bigger towns •Religion continued to play a huge role in people’s lives 300 - 1500 1. Launching the Crusades • • • • 300 - 1500 During the Middle Ages, European Christians launched a series of religious wars called the Crusades. The goal of the Crusades: to take Jerusalem and the area around it known as the Holy land, away from the Muslims. Jerusalem was holy to Jews because of the Holy Temple, and for Christians, it was a place where Jesus was crucified and buried. 1000’s the city of Jerusalem had fallen to North African Muslims called the Fatimids Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade •Turkish Muslims also attacked the Byzantine Empire and threatened the capital, Constantinople •The emperor asked Pope Urban II and western Europe for help. •Pope Urban II called church leaders to a council in Clermont and stressed to them the dangers the Byzantine Empire faced. •He called for Christian warriors, including knights and nobles, to fight the Turkish Muslims 300 - 1500 300 - 1500 Setting Out on Crusade – The First Crusades •The Crusaders left France in 1096 in what is known as the First Crusade. •All in all, nine organized Crusades set out from Europe between 1096 and 1291. •They all had different leaders and met with varying degrees of success. The First Crusades 300 - 1500 Two groups – peasants and knights • Peasants – unskilled in war and unsuccessful – Crusaders passed Jewish communities and slaughtered in spite of opposition • Knights – after three years of traveling, the Crusaders reached Jerusalem and were able to seize the city The Second Crusades • • • 300 - 1500 Within a few years, the Muslims regained control of some Christian states. Launched in 1147 by King Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine The Second Crusade was a failure; they took no land from the Muslims were forced to return back to Europe The Third Crusades • • • • • • 300 - 1500 New leader in Muslim world emerged – Saladin the Sultan He set out to back all the land that the Christians gained from the First Crusades He was successful in regaining control of Jerusalem King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought Saladin in the Holy Land Although he won several battles, he was unsuccessful in pushing back the Muslims In the end, he returned back to England The Fourth and Later Crusades • • • 300 - 1500 With Jerusalem in the hands of the Muslims, Europeans set out on a fourth crusade in 1201. They decided to attack at Constantinople instead, but the fourth and five other crusades were unsuccessful. In 1291, the Muslims had driven the Christians completely out of the holy land. Christian Crusades: East and West •Although, the Crusades did not accomplish their goal, they had long-lasting effects. •They changed both Europe and the Holy Land economically, politically, and socially. 300 - 1500 Effects on the Crusades • •Economic •Political •Social • • 300 - 1500 The Crusades enhanced trading as returning Crusaders brought even more goods, such as spices and textiles, to Europe. The Crusades led to the deaths of many knights and nobles. In many cases, kings took control of the land, gaining more power in Europe. Relationships between Christian and Jews and Muslims became increasingly strained. 2. Medieval Trade and Town 300 - 1500 •Towns and cities grew during the high middle ages as the amount of trade increased between Europe and other continents •Large cities, like London, became more common in the High Middle Ages. •Most of this trade was controlled by merchant from Italy and northern Europe Growth of Trade • • • London in the Middle Ages • • Hanseatic League warship 300 - 1500 The Italians were among the first people in medieval Europe to build a thriving trade economy. While the Italians were dominating trade in the south, another group was actively trading in Northern Europe Hanseatic League – northern German cities that worked together to promote trade Trade fairs and markets developed as goods poured into Europe through Italian and German cities Some merchants even allowed their customers to buy on credit, promise of later payment Growth of Towns and Cities 300 - 1500 Guild Hall Medieval Guilds Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices •Thriving trade and the increase of money in Europe led to the expansion of towns and cities •1300 – Paris and Rome each had 100,000 residents while London and Florence had 75,000. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop •Only members of a guild could run a business. •Here an apprentice works with his master craftsman. •Most medieval guilds were only open to men, but some accepted female members as well. 300 - 1500 Daily Life in the City •The cities during the Middle Ages were small and crowded. •Shops and houses were usually three to four stories high. •Cities posed several threats of disease, fire, and crime. •It also provided benefits such as churches, eating halls, and markets. 300 - 1500 300 - 1500 3. Art and Culture of the Middle Ages • • During the Middle Ages, great achievements were made in the visual arts, literature, and thinking and learning. Much of it centered around Christianity Visual Arts • • • • Gothic style 300 - 1500 Striking cathedrals, such as Notre Dame in Paris, are the most striking legacy of the importance of Christianity in the Middle Ages These churches were built in the new Gothic style – taller and brighter than earlier churches had been – flying buttresses Religious texts were often richly decorated with pictures and designs – illumination. Tapestries depicting daily life, history, or fantasy also became elaborate wall hangings in churches. Literature 300 - 1500 • • • • Geoffrey Chaucer Hildegard of Bingen • Literature introduced new ideas and practices in the Middle Ages. Religious writers created all sorts of works including songs and poems. Hildegard of Bingen – nun who was an artist, poet, and composer Troubadours – wandering singers who performed epics and romances Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales – tale of a group of pilgrims travelling to the town of Canterbury, England. The Canterbury Tales Thinking and Learning • • • 300 - 1500 Religious writers of the Middle Ages helped spread new ideas throughout Europe and gave rise to new ways of thinking and learning. Alchemy – early form of Chemistry Thinking and learning led to universities and teachers. Medieval Universities •The growth of European universities increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe •Scientific, philosophical, mathematical texts were translated into Latin •Universities helped create a new educated class 300 - 1500 Oxford University 300 - 1500 •Universities in the Middle Ages were products of the growing cities. •University – “a group of persons associated for a purpose” •A Master of Arts program took six years; additional eight years for a degree in theology. •Most were men, and most came to study at the age of 17 •Most were Christian Teaching of Thomas Aquinas • • • 300 - 1500 One of the more influential scholars of the age – teacher at University of Paris Scholasticism – both reason and faith were necessary for an understanding of truth Summa Theologica – explored philosophy and theology 4. Challenges of the Late Middle Ages • • • • In the late Middle Ages, Europeans faced many challenges. Religious Crises Wars and Conflicts And a Deadly Plague 300 - 1500 Religious Crises • • • • • 300 - 1500 In 1346, King Edward III of England invaded France Europe faced challenges to its religious, political, and social order Because Christianity was the one element that tied most Europeans together, religious crises was a great threat to all their society Heresy - beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church Primary method to fight heresy – Inquisitions - legal procedures supervised by special judges who tried to suspect heretics Wars and Conflicts • • • • • 300 - 1500 While Europe faced religious turmoil, political leaders were fighting numerous wars to gain power for themselves Hundred Years War -1328 - no heir to the French throne - except the King of England, Edward VII (nephew) Joan of Arc - 1429 young peasant French girl led several victories, but she was eventually captured War of the Roses - two English families Yorks and the Lancasters - fought for the throne Led to the rise of the Tudor family -Henry VIIrelated to both families and his rise to power marked the end of the War of the Roses and began a new era in English history Black Death • • • • • • 300 - 1500 While the Hundred Years War was taking place, another crisis struck the people of Europe The Black Death - devastating plague that swept across the continent between 1347 and 1351. Bubonic Plague - spread by flees that lived on rats and other rats Pneumonic plague - spread through the air from person to person Was God punishing Europeans for their sins? Effects – major loss of population (1/3rd of Europe) and an end to the manorial system