Download The High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages
• 1000 - 1500
•1. The Crusades
•2. Trade and Towns
•3. Art and Culture of the Middle Ages
•4. Challenges of the Late Middle Ages
•During the High Middle Ages, many changes took place in Europe
•Growth of trade brought about new business practices and bigger towns
•Religion continued to play a huge role in people’s lives
300 - 1500
1. Launching the Crusades
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300 - 1500
During the Middle Ages, European
Christians launched a series of
religious wars called the Crusades.
The goal of the Crusades: to take
Jerusalem and the area around it
known as the Holy land, away from
the Muslims.
Jerusalem was holy to Jews
because of the Holy Temple, and
for Christians, it was a place where
Jesus was crucified and buried.
1000’s the city of Jerusalem had
fallen to North African Muslims
called the Fatimids
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
•Turkish Muslims also attacked the
Byzantine Empire and threatened the
capital, Constantinople
•The emperor asked Pope Urban II and
western Europe for help.
•Pope Urban II called church leaders to a
council in Clermont and stressed to them
the dangers the Byzantine Empire faced.
•He called for Christian warriors, including
knights and nobles, to fight the Turkish
Muslims
300 - 1500
300 - 1500
Setting Out on Crusade – The First Crusades
•The Crusaders left France in 1096 in what
is known as the First Crusade.
•All in all, nine organized Crusades set out
from Europe between 1096 and 1291.
•They all had different leaders and met with
varying degrees of success.
The First Crusades
300 - 1500
Two groups – peasants and
knights
• Peasants – unskilled in war
and unsuccessful
– Crusaders passed Jewish
communities and
slaughtered in spite of
opposition
• Knights – after three years of
traveling, the Crusaders
reached Jerusalem and were
able to seize the city
The Second Crusades
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300 - 1500
Within a few years, the Muslims regained control of some Christian states.
Launched in 1147 by King Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine
The Second Crusade was a failure; they took no land from the Muslims were forced to return back
to Europe
The Third Crusades
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300 - 1500
New leader in Muslim world emerged – Saladin the
Sultan
He set out to back all the land that the Christians
gained from the First Crusades
He was successful in regaining control of Jerusalem
King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought
Saladin in the Holy Land
Although he won several battles, he was unsuccessful
in pushing back the Muslims
In the end, he returned back to England
The Fourth and Later Crusades
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300 - 1500
With Jerusalem in the hands of the Muslims,
Europeans set out on a fourth crusade in
1201.
They decided to attack at Constantinople
instead, but the fourth and five other crusades
were unsuccessful.
In 1291, the Muslims had driven the
Christians completely out of the holy land.
Christian Crusades: East and West
•Although, the Crusades did not accomplish their goal, they had long-lasting effects.
•They changed both Europe and the Holy Land economically, politically, and socially.
300 - 1500
Effects on the Crusades
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•Economic
•Political
•Social
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300 - 1500
The Crusades enhanced trading as returning
Crusaders brought even more goods, such as
spices and textiles, to Europe.
The Crusades led to the deaths of many
knights and nobles. In many cases, kings
took control of the land, gaining more
power in Europe.
Relationships between Christian and Jews
and Muslims became increasingly strained.
2. Medieval Trade and Town
300 - 1500
•Towns and cities grew during the high middle ages as the amount of trade increased between Europe and other
continents
•Large cities, like London, became more common in the High Middle Ages.
•Most of this trade was controlled by merchant from Italy and northern Europe
Growth of Trade
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London in the Middle Ages
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Hanseatic League warship
300 - 1500
The Italians were among the first people
in medieval Europe to build a thriving
trade economy.
While the Italians were dominating trade
in the south, another group was actively
trading in Northern Europe
Hanseatic League – northern German
cities that worked together to promote
trade
Trade fairs and markets developed as
goods poured into Europe through Italian
and German cities
Some merchants even allowed their
customers to buy on credit, promise of
later payment
Growth of Towns and Cities
300 - 1500
Guild Hall
Medieval Guilds
Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
•Thriving trade and the increase of
money in Europe led to the expansion of
towns and cities
•1300 – Paris and Rome each had
100,000 residents while London and
Florence had 75,000.
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
•Only members of a guild could run a business.
•Here an apprentice works with his master craftsman.
•Most medieval guilds were only open to men, but some accepted female members as well.
300 - 1500
Daily Life in the City
•The cities during the Middle
Ages were small and crowded.
•Shops and houses were
usually three to four stories
high.
•Cities posed several threats
of disease, fire, and crime.
•It also provided benefits such
as churches, eating halls, and
markets.
300 - 1500
300 - 1500
3. Art and Culture of the Middle Ages
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During the Middle Ages, great achievements were made in the visual arts, literature, and thinking and
learning.
Much of it centered around Christianity
Visual Arts
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Gothic style
300 - 1500
Striking cathedrals, such as Notre Dame in Paris, are
the most striking legacy of the importance of
Christianity in the Middle Ages
These churches were built in the new Gothic style –
taller and brighter than earlier churches had been –
flying buttresses
Religious texts were often richly decorated with
pictures and designs – illumination.
Tapestries depicting daily life, history, or fantasy also
became elaborate wall hangings in churches.
Literature
300 - 1500
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Geoffrey Chaucer
Hildegard of Bingen
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Literature introduced new ideas and
practices in the Middle Ages.
Religious writers created all sorts of
works including songs and poems.
Hildegard of Bingen – nun who was
an artist, poet, and composer
Troubadours – wandering singers who
performed epics and romances
Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury
Tales – tale of a group of pilgrims
travelling to the town of Canterbury,
England.
The Canterbury Tales
Thinking and Learning
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300 - 1500
Religious writers of the Middle Ages helped
spread new ideas throughout Europe and
gave rise to new ways of thinking and
learning.
Alchemy – early form of Chemistry
Thinking and learning led to universities
and teachers.
Medieval Universities
•The growth of European universities increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe
•Scientific, philosophical, mathematical texts were translated into Latin
•Universities helped create a new educated class
300 - 1500
Oxford University
300 - 1500
•Universities in the Middle Ages were products of
the growing cities.
•University – “a group of persons associated for a
purpose”
•A Master of Arts program took six years;
additional eight years for a degree in theology.
•Most were men, and most came to study at the
age of 17
•Most were Christian
Teaching of Thomas Aquinas
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300 - 1500
One of the more influential scholars of
the age – teacher at University of Paris
Scholasticism – both reason and faith
were necessary for an understanding of
truth
Summa Theologica – explored
philosophy and theology
4. Challenges of the Late Middle Ages
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• In the late Middle Ages, Europeans faced many challenges.
Religious Crises
Wars and Conflicts
And a Deadly Plague
300 - 1500
Religious Crises
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300 - 1500
In 1346, King Edward III of England
invaded France
Europe faced challenges to its religious,
political, and social order
Because Christianity was the one element
that tied most Europeans together, religious
crises was a great threat to all their society
Heresy - beliefs that opposed the official
teachings of the Church
Primary method to fight heresy –
Inquisitions - legal procedures supervised by
special judges who tried to suspect heretics
Wars and Conflicts
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300 - 1500
While Europe faced religious turmoil, political
leaders were fighting numerous wars to gain
power for themselves
Hundred Years War -1328 - no heir to the
French throne - except the King of England,
Edward VII (nephew)
Joan of Arc - 1429 young peasant French girl
led several victories, but she was eventually
captured
War of the Roses - two English families Yorks
and the Lancasters - fought for the throne
Led to the rise of the Tudor family -Henry VIIrelated to both families and his rise to power
marked the end of the War of the Roses and
began a new era in English history
Black Death
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300 - 1500
While the Hundred Years War was taking place,
another crisis struck the people of Europe
The Black Death - devastating plague that swept
across the continent between 1347 and 1351.
Bubonic Plague - spread by flees that lived on
rats and other rats
Pneumonic plague - spread through the air from
person to person
Was God punishing Europeans for their sins?
Effects – major loss of population (1/3rd of
Europe) and an end to the manorial system