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+ Types of Reproduction & Development + Sexual Reproduction The fusion of reproductive cells from two separate individuals to form a new offspring. Offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherit some of their genetic information from each parent. Parent Parent Offspring + Internal vs. External Fertilization Internal Fertilization occurs inside the body. + Internal vs. External Fertilization External Fertilization occurs outside the body. + Internal vs. External Fertilization REMINDER!!! Sperm + Egg Zygote Zygote = “the fertilized egg” + Internal vs. External Development Internal Development occurs inside the body of the mother. + Internal vs. External Development External Development occurs outside the body of the mother. + Human Development Differentiation: Point in human development where certain genes turn on and others turn off. This causes different cells to develop special functions (Specialization). + + TWINS!!! Fraternal Twins – two eggs released during ovulation and both are fertilized by different sperm producing two different embryos. Identical Twins – one egg is released and is fertilized by one sperm, but the zygote splits in half producing two identical embryos. + Asexual Reproduction The production of two genetically identical offspring from a single parent Single-celled organisms can ONLY reproduce asexually No sperm or egg cell involved Parent Offspring Offspring + Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission (amoeba) + Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding (Hydra) + Types of Asexual Reproduction Regeneration + Cell Division Mitosis & Meiosis + Cell Division Vocabulary Words DNA – carries the genetic information of the cell Nucleus – stores DNA Chromosomes – threadlike structure of condensed DNA that contains an individual’s genes Homologous Pair – a pair of matching chromosomes, one inherited from each parent 23 homologous pairs in humans = 46 total chromosomes + Homologous Chromosomes + Cell Division Vocabulary Words Diploid – number of chromosomes in all somatic cells (2n) For humans, diploid is 46 Haploid – number of chromosomes in all gametes (n) For humans, haploid is 23 Parent Cell- what you start with Daughter Cell – the product Somatic Cell – a body cell. Any cell other than egg/sperm Gamete – a sex cell (egg or sperm) + Mitosis Making exact copies of cells (Cell Division) + Mitosis Purpose: growth and repair One diploid parent cell produces two identical diploid daughter cells. Mitosis = Asexual Reproduction of cells + Meiosis Making sex cells (sperm and egg) + Meiosis Purpose: making gametes One diploid parent cell produces four different haploid daughter cells. Each daughter cell is unique and different from the parent cell AND the other daughter cells. + Meiosis Also called “gametogenesis” Males = Make 4 Sperm Cells Females = Make 1 Egg Cell & 3 Polar Bodies + Crossing Over During Meiosis, some information on the chromosomes may switch between homologous pairs. This results in genetic variation. + Human Development + Interphase DNA duplication occurs to prepare for cell division. + Prophase DNA forms into chromosomes and centrioles move to opposite ends of nucleus. + Metaphase Chromosomes line up in center of cell and spindle fibers from centrioles attach. + Anaphase Chromosomes begin moving towards opposite ends of nucleus (pulled by centrioles). + Telophase Chromosomes reach opposite sides and cleavage occurs, forming two identical daughter cells. Mitosis + Mitosis +