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Warm up
1. Modern technology could be used to clone animals (like you
favorite dog). Cloned animals would resemble the original pets
because:
2. How is the process of gene therapy used to treat cystic
fibrosis?
3. Describe the procedure represented in the diagram
below using these terms?




Restriction enzyme
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid
Vector
Who committed
the crime and
why?
The Theory of Evolution
How did all of life on Earth come
from a few cells?
Simpson natural selection
Theory of Evolution
 Charles Darwin is
credited with the
development of the
theory of evolution,
but there were many
people that
contributed ideas
upon which he built
his own.
Theory of Evolution
 Darwin also
developed his ideas
based on his travels
as the ship naturalist
on the H.M.S.
Beagle.
 Of particular interest
to Darwin were the
animals of the
Galapagos Islands.
Theory of Evolution
 In 1859, Darwin and
Alfred Wallace jointly
proposed that new
species could develop
by a process of
natural selection.
 The theory can be
described as a
process:
Hutton and Lyell
 Hutton- Earth has to be much more than a
few thousand years
 GEOLOGIC FORCES- forces that shape the world ( rocks,
mountains, valleys)
 Lyell
 Processes that shaped the Earth millions of years
earlier continue in present
 Fossils of marine animals above sea level
 Influence?: If the Earth could change over time,
might life change as well?
Thomas Malthus
 Essay on the Principal of PopulationMalthus predicts that the human
population will grow faster than the space
and food supplies needed to sustain it
 What factor/factors determine which ones survive and
reproduce, and which do not?
Lamarck's Theory
 Living things have changed over time
 1809- hypothesis (1st to develop)
 Tendency toward perfection- continually changing and
acquiring features that help them live more successfully
in their environments
 Use and disuse- organisms could alter the size or shape
of particular organs by using their bodies in new ways
 Inheritance of acquire traits- pass on traits to offspring
 Evaluation of hypothesis
 Did not know how traits are inherited
 Did not know that behavior has no effect on heritance
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
 Variation of traits
within the population
leads to different
phenotypes.
 Some variations are
better suited to the
current conditions of
the environment.
Natural Selection
 Overproduction in
populations leads to
competition for
limited resources
(food, for example).
Natural Selection
 Natural selection
favors the best
suited phenotype at
the time.
 This does not
necessarily mean
that those struggling
die, but will be in a
poorer condition
Natural Selection
 The survival (or better success) of
the best adapted individuals leads to
higher reproductive success.
 The variations will be passed on to
the offspring
 Over time, if the environment does
not change, those favorable
variations will be seen more
frequently in the population because
nature has “selected” that trait.
Fill It In …
Steps of Natural Selection:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inherited Variation and Artificial Selection
 Inherited variationdifferences that are
passed from parents to
offspring
 Larger fruits on plants;
some cows give more
milk
 Artificial selectionselection by humans
for breeding of
useful traits from the
natural variation
among different
organisms
 Animal breeders used
heritable variation to
improve livestock and
crops
Evolution Through Natural
Selection
 The struggle for existence
1. More offspring are produced that can
survive to maturity
2. Individuals compete for food, living space,
and other necessities
3. Some variations increase the change of
survival and REPRODUCE
Natural Selection
 Central to the theory of
natural selection is the
idea of adaptations.
 An adaptation is any
heritable trait that suits
an organism to its
natural function in the
environment (its niche).
There are 3 basic types of
adaptations:
 Examples of structural
adaptations are
defensive structures,
camouflage, and
mimicry.
 Typically, mimicry
occurs when harmless
species (mountain king
snake) resembles a
harmful species (coral
snake) using coloration.
There are 3 basic types of
adaptations:
 Examples of behavioral
adaptations are herding,
schooling, and growling.
There are 3 basic types of
adaptations:
 Examples of
physiological
adaptations are
enzymes, oxygenbinding of hemoglobin,
and sight
Decent with Modification
 Principle that each
living species
descended with
changes, from other
species over time
 Look different from
ancestors
 Implies that all living
organisms are related to
one another
 Common descentprinciple that all species
were derived from
common ancestors
 “Tree of life” links all living
things
Fill It In …
A body-builder’s large muscles would
NOT be an adaptation because …
Check Yourself!
1. Who is credited with developing the theory of
natural selection?
2. List the four steps in the process of natural
selection.
3. What is an adaptation?
Check Yourself!
1. Who is credited with developing the theory of
natural selection?
CHARLES DARWIN
2. List the four steps in the process of natural
selection.
3. What is an adaptation?
Check Yourself!
1. Who is credited with developing the theory of
natural selection?
CHARLES DARWIN
2. List the four steps in the process of natural
selection. VARIATION, OVERPRODUCTION,
BEST SUITED IS FAVORED, & SURVIVAL OF
BEST ADAPTED
3. What is an adaptation?
Check Yourself!
1. Who is credited with developing the theory of
natural selection?
CHARLES DARWIN
2. List the four steps in the process of natural
selection. VARIATION, OVERPRODUCTION,
BEST SUITED IS FAVORED, & SURVIVAL OF
BEST ADAPTED
3. What is an adaptation? ANY HERITABLE
TRAIT SUITS AN ORGANISM TO ITS
NATURAL FUNCTION IN THE
ENVIRONMENT