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Coenzymes Information Coenzymes Are non-protein organic substances that usually contains a vitamin or mineral that is needed by an enzyme to work. The place they connect to a cell is called a Substrate or active spot. VITAMINS Deficiencies in Coenzymes causes big problems: • Vitamin A: visual impairment and night blindness... • Thiamin (vitamin B1): loss of appetite, poor digestion, chronic constipation, muscular weakness • Vitamin B2: sore throat, swollen tongue dermatitis, premature wrinkles... • Vitamin B3 (Niacin): indigestion, fatigue, canker sores, vomiting, dementia... • Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): fatigue, insomnia, depression, vomiting, stomach pains, burning feet... • Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): dermatitis, cracked and sore lips, inflamed tongue and mouth, neuropathy... • Folic acid: diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations... • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): burning of the tongue, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, constipation and diarrhea, abdominal pain, • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): dry and splitting hair, gingivitis and bleeding gums, rough skin... • Vitamin D: osteomalacia, rickets. • Vitamin E (tocopherol): muscle weakness, loss of muscle mass, impaired vision... • Biotin: hair loss, dry, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area, decreased appetite, depression, and lethargy, • Vitamin K: buisability, gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia (heavy periods). OTHER COENZYMES THAT ARE NOT VITAMINS OR MINERALS Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which is an essential energy producer found in the cells of the human body PABA: fatigue, irritability, depression, nervousness, headache, constipation . . . _____________________________________________________________________________________ Major Minerals Mineral Function Sources Sodium Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, breads, vegetables, and Chloride Needed for proper fluid balance, stomach acid Table salt, soy sauce; large amounts in processed foods; small amounts in milk, meats, breads, and vegetables Potassium Needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction Meats, milk, fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes Calcium Important for healthy bones and teeth; helps muscles relax and contract; important in nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure Milk; canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines); fortified tofu and fortified soy milk; greens; legumes Phosphorus Important for healthy bones and teeth; found in every cell; maintains acid-base balance Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, processed foods (including soda pop) Magnesium Found in bones; needed for making protein, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, immune system health Nuts and seeds; legumes; leafy, green vegetables; seafood; chocolate; artichokes; "hard" drinking water Sulfur Found in protein molecules Occurs in foods as part of protein: meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, beans Iron Part of a molecule (hemoglobin) found in red blood cells that carries oxygen in the body; needed for energy metabolism Organ meats; red meats; fish; poultry; shellfish (especially clams); egg yolks; legumes; dried fruits; Zinc Part of many enzymes; needed for making protein and genetic material; taste wound healing, normal fetal development, production of sperm, immune system health Meats, fish, poultry, leavened whole grains, vegetables Iodine Found in thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth, development, and metabolism Seafood, foods grown in iodine-rich soil, iodized salt, bread, dairy products Selenium Antioxidant Meats, seafood, grains Copper Part of many enzymes; needed for iron metabolism Legumes, nuts and seeds, whole grains, organ meats, drinking water Fluoride Involved in formation of bones and teeth; helps prevent tooth decay Drinking water (either fluoridated or naturally containing fluoride), fish, and Chromium Works closely with insulin to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels Unrefined foods, especially liver, brewer's yeast, whole grains, nuts, cheeses Science Standard LSIF Describe the role that enzymes play in the breakdown of food molecules and synthesis of the many different molecules needed for cell structure and function. Enzymes and Co-Enzymes 1. Name the enzymes that are used to break down food (catabolism): Carbohydrates are broken down by Maltose___________ Sucrose ___________Lactose ______________Amylose________________ Protein (peptide bonds) are broken down by_______ Lipids are broken down by_______________ 2. What are most enzymes made of?________________ 3. How are enzymes like a key?______________________________________________________ 4. What are coenzymes?____________________________________________________________ 5. What are most coenzymes made of? ____________________ and_________________________ 6. What do you call the spot on cells enzymes work on? 7. Draw a picture of how coenzymes work on enzymes and cells. Coenzyme Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Mineral Mineral Mineral Mineral Mineral Mineral Mineral Other Other Why it is Needed